Feb 26 - Mexico Agenda: Country Briefs Development and Democratization Quick-Write Notes: Mexico Take Out: Pen/Pencil Notebook Homework: Page 428-end of Mexico chapter

Development and Democratization Share your list of seven countries (from question 5) with your neighbors Do you agree or disagree, why? Is there a relationship between development and democratization? Explain the connection

Quick-write In what ways can Mexico be considered a developed country? In what ways is it considered a developing country?

Mexico Independence Movement Purity of the Catholic Faith Blood of National Heroes Aztec symbolism in the center – legend tells that an eagle devouring a serpent on a cactus was to be the location of the capital city

Geographic Influence Natural Resources – petroleum, silver, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber U.S.-Mexican Border – 2,000 mile long border means relationships are inevitable (migration, dependency, conflict) 32 Federal Entities 31 Federal States 1 Federal District

Population Over 120 million people live in Mexico 60% Mestizo 30% Amerindian (Indigenous) 10% other (European, Asian) 75% of Mexico’s population lives in urban areas (Mexico City’s population is nearly 19 million; it is the 10th largest city in the world) Population in the northern part of Mexico is more prosperous than central and southern Mexico. The farther south, the greater the poverty.

Independence Miguel Hidalgo Parish Priest issued a call for the end of Spanish misrule in 1810 Began a series of wars of independence that lasted for the next 11 years. Independence gained in 1821, but Mexico struggled to create a stable and legitimate government for decades Disagreements between liberals and conservatives; federalists and centralists; power of the church and anti-clerical factions Between 1833 and 1855 there were 36 presidential administrations Lost half of their territory to the “Colossus of the North”

Porfiriato (1876-1911) Porfirio Diaz Popular general who was elected President Imposed a highly centralized and authoritarian system The people became increasingly sensitive to the greed of the Profirians and their own lack of opportunities Diaz pledged himself to open elections in 1910 but reneged when the opposition looked too strong…it was and he fled into exile.

Revolution of 1910 After a series of dictatorships that mostly favored the landed elite, there was a revolution beginning in 1910 Francisco Madero elected President and was soon assassinated – political order in Mexico collapsed A three way struggle for power The ruling elite led by Carranza The Indians (Emiliano Zapata was their leader) The peasants led by Francisco (Poncho) Villa Demanded agrarian reform By 1916 Carranza gains power – some stable but violence continued to be political tool in Mexico Zapata, Villa, and Presidents Carranza and Obregon all assassinated

Five results of the 1910 Revolution Power of the traditional rural landowners was undercut Power of the Catholic Church in the national political debate was curtailed (anticlericism) Power of foreign investors was severely limited New political elite consolidated power and agreed to resolve conflicts through accommodation and bargaining rather than through violence New Constitution and new party laid the basis for strong central government that could assert its power over the agricultural, industrial, and social development of the country

Beginning of PRI Power consolidated in the hands of a group in the North and Plutarco Calles emerged as the jefe maximo Calles brought together many of the most powerful contenders for leadership to create a political party Contenders for power would accommodate each others’ interests  without political violence the country would prosper they could reap the benefits of even greater power and economic spoils. First called Partido Nacional Revolucionario then Partido de la Revolucion Mexicana then Partido Revolucionario Institucional

Lázaro Cárdenas Mobilized peasants and workers in pursuit of the more radical goals of the 1910 Revolution Ejidos and ejiditarios (land grants) Redistributed land Encouraged workers to form unions Nationalized Industry Investment in public works

Clientelism Cardenas’ successors were able to use the institutions he created to counteract his reforms PRI provided union and ejido leaders with jobs, opportunities for corruption, land, and other benefits in return for delivering their followers’ political support The cement that built loyalty to the PRI and the political system Post-Cardenas presidents were able to reorient the country’s development away from egalitarian social goals towards a development strategy that stressed industrialization.

The Institutionalized Revolution The constitution of 1917 is still the Mexican constitution today Fear of dictators and the church are the background of the constitution By 1946 the ruling party formed the PRI (Party Revolutionary Institutional) One party would rule all aspects of the government However, power was divided by different factions of the party, each controlling certain areas or aspects

What does the Political History and Development of Mexico suggest about the relationship between citizen and state?