Amino acids R-groups non-polar polar acidic basic proteins

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Presentation transcript:

Amino acids R-groups non-polar polar acidic basic proteins condensation between carboxylic acids and amines + + H2O carboxylic acid amine amide

Amides amides resonance structure dipeptide alanine glycine Ala-Gly +H2O

Polypeptides _ “backbone” _ H _ R _ H _ R _ H _ R H N1- C1- C1- N2- OH = O = O = O peptide bonds C-terminal residue N-terminal residue biological activity = structure protein structure 4 levels

Primary structure sequence of amino acids hemoglobin transports O2 and CO2 4 protein chains 300 amino acids Sickle cell anemia 6th amino acid from N-terminus R Glu Val -CH2CH2-CO2H -CH(CH3)2 water soluble water insoluble

Primary structure study evolution -chain 146 residues horses - humans = 26 pigs - humans = 10 gorillas - humans = 1 1 successful change / 10,000,000 years Primary structure - selective hydrolysis

Phe-Val-Asn-Gln-His Gln-His-Leu-Cys His-Leu-Cys-Gly-Ser His-Leu-Val-Glu Gly-Ser-His-Leu-Val Leu-Val-Glu-Ala Phe-Val-Asn-Gln-His Gln-His-Leu-Cys His-Leu-Cys-Gly-Ser Leu-Val-Glu-Ala Gly-Ser-His-Leu-Val His-Leu-Val-Glu

Secondary structure hydrogen bonding backbone groups N1- C1- C1- N2- _ H = O OH R H-bond donors H-bond acceptors Two main secondary structures: -helix -sheet

Alpha helix = = Every C=O bonded to N-H 4 residues away forms a helix core is backbone R-groups outside 3.6 amino acids per turn C = O N H proline no H-bonding breaks helix = O C

Beta sheet Every C=O bonded to N-H far apart in 1o structure on different chains peptide chains extended side-by-side maximal H-bonding for anti-parallel chains small R-groups above and below the sheet if not -helix or -sheet random coil

Secondary structure some proteins 1o structure amino acid sequence -helix -sheet -sheet silk -helix collagen bone, teeth triple helices keratin hair, skin, wool, hooves cross-linked with disulfide bonds

Disulfide bonds cysteine -CH2-SH C H N C C H N C S-H H-S reduced [O] oxidized

Protein function enzymes biological catalysts immunoglobulins antibodies transport hemoglobin hormones regulation structural keratin, collagen motion actin, myocin function depends on structure