DNA damage and repair system in spinal cord ischemia

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DNA damage and repair system in spinal cord ischemia Ruxian Lin, MD, MSa, Glen Roseborough, MDb, Yafeng Dong, MD, PhDa, G.Melville Williams, MDb, Chiming Wei, MD, PhDa,b Journal of Vascular Surgery Volume 37, Issue 4, Pages 847-858 (April 2003) DOI: 10.1067/mva.2003.150 Copyright © 2003 Society for Vascular Surgery and The American Association for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Diagram shows 8-oxoG generation and repair system during oxidative damage. Ischemia-reperfusion injury may be initiated by a number of mediators, including reactive oxygen species. Interactions between DNA and hydroxyl radical produce DNA strand breaks and base modifications, which are frequently assessed with measurement of nucleoside 8-oxoG level. If 8-oxoG lesions in DNA are not properly repaired, high percentage of guanine/cytosine to thymine/adenine transversion will occur through 8-oxoG/adenine replication intermediate. hMYH, hOGG1, and hMSH2 play important roles in repairing DNA mismatch injury. hMYH and hMSH2 can effectively remove adenine misincorporated opposite 8-oxoG or guanine after DNA replication. hOGG1 gene encodes DNA glycosylase activity catalyzing excision of mutagenic lesion 8-oxoG from oxidatively damaged DNA. If these DNA mismatch repair enzymes are not activated enough, then cell apoptosis occurs. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2003 37, 847-858DOI: (10.1067/mva.2003.150) Copyright © 2003 Society for Vascular Surgery and The American Association for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 DNA damage, such as 8-oxoG staining, in sham-control and ischemic spinal cord. Positive staining of 8-oxoG (arrows) was detected predominantly within intermediate gray matter and ventral horn. 8-oxoG level was markedly increased in ischemic neurons from 1-hour to 6-hour reperfusion period. Peak level of 8-oxoG was found at 6 hours after reperfusion. Furthermore, positive staining of 8-oxoG level was decreased after 48-hour reperfusion period (×1000). Journal of Vascular Surgery 2003 37, 847-858DOI: (10.1067/mva.2003.150) Copyright © 2003 Society for Vascular Surgery and The American Association for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Representative Western blot analysis for hMYH in sham-control and ischemic spinal cord. Immunoreactivity of hMYH was only weakly detected in sham controls. Protein level of hMYH was upregulated as early as 3 hours after reperfusion and remained elevated as late as 1 day. Peak level of hMYH was found at 6 hours after reperfusion. Furthermore, protein level of hMYH was decresed after 48-hour reperfusion period. β-actin was used as internal standard. Each lane is from separate animal. Results are representative of five individual experiments. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2003 37, 847-858DOI: (10.1067/mva.2003.150) Copyright © 2003 Society for Vascular Surgery and The American Association for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Representative Western blot analysis for hOGG1 in sham-control spinal cord and ischemic spinal tissue. hOGG1 bind was only weakly detected in sham controls. hOGG1 expression was increased at 3 hours after reperfusion and remained elevated as late as 24 hours. Peak level of hOGG1 was found at 6 hours after blood flow restoration. Protein level of hOGG1 became less dense after 48-hour reperfusion period. β-actin was used as internal standard. Each lane is from separate animal. Results are representative of five individual experiments. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2003 37, 847-858DOI: (10.1067/mva.2003.150) Copyright © 2003 Society for Vascular Surgery and The American Association for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Representative Western blot analysis for hMSH2 in sham-control tissue and ischemic spinal cord. In sham-control spinal cord, immunoreactivity of hMSH2 was only weakly detected. At 3 hours after reperfusion, protein level of hMSH2 was upregulated and remained elevated until 24 hours after reperfusion. Peak level of hMSH2 was found at 6 hours after reperfusion. Furthermore, protein level of hMSH2 was markedly decreased after 48 hours of reperfusion. β-actin was used as internal standard. Each lane is from separate animal. Results are representative of five individual experiments. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2003 37, 847-858DOI: (10.1067/mva.2003.150) Copyright © 2003 Society for Vascular Surgery and The American Association for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Densitometry comparing hMYH, hOGG1, and hMSH2 expression in tissues taken from sham-control and ischemia spinal cord. Protein levels of hMYH, hOGG1, and hMSH2 were markedly (P <.05) increased from 3 hours to 24 hours after reperfusion in spinal cord compared with sham-control tissue. Peak levels of hMYH, hOGG1, and hMSH2 were found at 6 hours after reperfusion period. At 48 hours after reperfusion, levels of those DNA repair enzymes were significantly (P <.05) decreased compared with 6 hours after reperfusion period (n = 5 in each time point; mean ± standard error). Journal of Vascular Surgery 2003 37, 847-858DOI: (10.1067/mva.2003.150) Copyright © 2003 Society for Vascular Surgery and The American Association for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 7 Representative immunohistochemical staining against hMYH in sham spinal cord and at different time points of reperfusion after 30 minutes of ischemia. Positive staining of hMYH was detected in nuclei of ischemic spinal neurons within intermediate and ventral horn area of gray matter at 3 hours to 6 hours after reperfusion. Arrows show positive neuron nuclei that express immunoreactive of hMYH. Peak staining density of hMYH-positive neurons was found at 6 hours after reperfusion. At 48 hours after blood flow restoration, positive neurons for hMYH were markedly decreased. Sections without primary antibody revealed no positive staining (data not shown). Results are representative of five individual experiments (×1000). Journal of Vascular Surgery 2003 37, 847-858DOI: (10.1067/mva.2003.150) Copyright © 2003 Society for Vascular Surgery and The American Association for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 8 Representative immunohistochemical staining of hOGG1 in sham-control and ischemic spinal cord. hOGG1 expression was detected in ischemic spinal neurons within intermediate and ventral horn area of gray matter at 3 hours to 6 hours after reperfusion (arrows). At 6 hours after reperfusion period, peak staining density of hOGG1 was founded. hOGG1-positive neurons were decreased at 48 hours after reperfusion. Sections without primary antibody revealed no positive staining (data not shown). Results are representative of five individual experiments (×1000). Journal of Vascular Surgery 2003 37, 847-858DOI: (10.1067/mva.2003.150) Copyright © 2003 Society for Vascular Surgery and The American Association for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 9 Representative immunostaining of hMSH2 was shown in sham-control spinal cord and at different time points of reperfusion. Protein expression of hMSH2 was detected in ischemic spinal neurons within intermediate and ventral horn of gray matter from 3 hours to 6 hours after reperfusion (arrows). Peak staining level of hMSH2 was found at 6 hours after reperfusion. After 48 hours of reperfusion, level of positive neurons for hMSH2 was markedly decreased. Sections without primary antibody revealed no positive staining (data not shown). Results are representative of five individual experiments (×1000). Journal of Vascular Surgery 2003 37, 847-858DOI: (10.1067/mva.2003.150) Copyright © 2003 Society for Vascular Surgery and The American Association for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 10 Representative photographs of spinal cord neurons stained with TUNEL study. No positive neurons for TUNEL staining are seen in sham-control spinal cord tissue. TUNEL-positive cells appeared in intermediate zone and medial aspects of ventral gray matter between 3 hours and 48 hours (arrows). Peak level of TUNEL-positive cells in ischemic spinal cord was found at 48 hours after reperfusion (×1000). Journal of Vascular Surgery 2003 37, 847-858DOI: (10.1067/mva.2003.150) Copyright © 2003 Society for Vascular Surgery and The American Association for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 11 Western blot analysis of caspase-3 in sham-control and ischemic spinal cord. Only weak bind of caspase-3 was detectable in sham control. In contrast, protein expression of caspase-3 was increased from 3 hours to 24 hours after reperfusion. Peak protein level of caspase-3 was found at 6 hours after blood flow restoration. Band became scarcely detectable at 48 hours after reperfusion. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2003 37, 847-858DOI: (10.1067/mva.2003.150) Copyright © 2003 Society for Vascular Surgery and The American Association for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 12 A, Relationship between 8-oxoG generation and TUNEL level in spinal cord after 24 hours ischemia-reperfusion injury. Positive correlation is seen between TUNEL and 8-oxoG generation. B, Relationship of MYH level and TUENL staining in spinal cord. After 6 hours of ischemia-reperfusion injury, MYH level was increased and TUNEL level was decreased. In contrast, after 48 hours of ischemia-reperfusion injury, MYH level was decreased and TUNEL level was markedly elevated. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2003 37, 847-858DOI: (10.1067/mva.2003.150) Copyright © 2003 Society for Vascular Surgery and The American Association for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions