Protective role of nuclear factor of activated T cells 2 in CD8+ long-lived memory T cells in an allergy model Roman Karwot, PhD, Joachim H. Maxeiner,

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Protective role of nuclear factor of activated T cells 2 in CD8+ long-lived memory T cells in an allergy model Roman Karwot, PhD, Joachim H. Maxeiner, Steffen Schmitt, PhD, Petra Scholtes, Michael Hausding, PhD, Hans A. Lehr, MD, Laurie H. Glimcher, MD, Susetta Finotto, PhD Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Volume 121, Issue 4, Pages 992-999.e6 (April 2008) DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.12.1172 Copyright © 2008 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 Increased airway lymphocytes, collagen, and AHR in NFATc2(−/−) mice. AHR was measured in wt and NFATc2(−/−) BALB/c mice 6 to 8 weeks old and transpulmonary RI measured 24 hours after the last treatment. Dose-response curves to methacholine (MCH) were obtained after administering indicated doses of intratracheally aerosolized MCH. A, Eight to 10 BALB/c mice per group were sensitized at days 0 and 7 to ovalbumin (OVA)-alum (OVA-sensitized mice) followed by 3 days local treatment with PBS aerosol on days 14, 15, and 16. NFATc2(−/−) OVA-sensitized mice displayed increased AHR at higher doses of MCH compared with wt littermates (n = 11; P = .018, P = .0065, and P = .015 after 3, 10, and 30 mg/mL of 3 minutes MCH aerosol, respectively). B, Increased serum IgE in NFATc2(−/−) mice after OVA sensitization without OVA challenge (n = 4-6; P = .02826). C, Increased peribronchial collagen deposition in NFATc2(−/−) lung by Goldner staining (compare right vs left panel and quantified in far right graph). Eight mice and 3 sections/mouse were analyzed at 400× magnification on a Zeiss microscope (Carl Zeiss, Göttingen, Germany). The images were all taken at the same magnification. The width of the boxes is exactly 200 μm, and the space bar represents 100 μm. ∗P < .05; ∗∗P < .01. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2008 121, 992-999.e6DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2007.12.1172) Copyright © 2008 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 2 NFATc2(−/−) lung CD8+ T cells produce less IFN-γ but more IL-10 than WT lung CD8+ T cells. A, Intracellular IFN-γ production by lung CD8+ T cells from ovalbumin-sensitized and challenged mice. Left panel, Dot plot analysis of IFN-γ–producing CD8+ T cells; right panel, quantification of IFN-γ+ cells (n = 4; P = .00103 for CD8/IFN-γ). B, ELISA of IFN-γ released by lung and spleen CD8+ T cells (n = 4; P = .028, P = .0065). C,Left panel, ELISA for IL-10 production by lung NFATc2(−/−) CD8+ T cells from ovalbumin-sensitized and unchallenged mice (n = 4; P = .03, P = .04); right panel, IL-10 production is also increased in IFN-γ(−/−) lung CD8+ T cells (n = 4; P = .02, P = .006) as measured by ELISA. ∗P < .05; ∗∗P < .01. D, Neutralization of IL-10 by the indicated concentration of anti–IL-10 antibodies did not influence IFN-γ release by wild-type or NFATc2(−/−) CD8+ T cells. Values of anti–IL-10 antibodies (αIL-10; R & D Systems) are given as μg/mL of medium (IgG was present in the cell culture at the final concentration of 1 μg/mL). Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2008 121, 992-999.e6DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2007.12.1172) Copyright © 2008 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 3 Increased number of CD8+CD122+ CD127high (IL-7Rα) cells in the lung and spleen of NFATc2(−/−) and IFN-γ(−/−) mice. A, NFATc2(−/−) mice have increased numbers of CD8+CD122+ T cells both in the lung and in the spleen before ovalbumin (OVA) challenge (OVA/PBS) as shown by dot plot analysis (left panel) and depicted quantitatively (right panel; n = 4; P = .0012, P = .036). B, Increased numbers of CD8+CD122+ T cells in lungs and spleen of IFN-γ(−/−) mice (middle panel; n = 4; P = .048, P = .016). C, CD8+CD122+ cells also expressed the IL-7R α chain (CD127) and were thereafter defined as long-lived memory cells. Long-lived memory cells were increased in the lungs of NFATc2(−/−) mice. A representative dot plot is shown in the left panel (quantification is depicted on the right; n = 4; P = .0022, P = .00015). D, The CD8+CD25+ T effector population is downregulated in NFATc2(−/−) lung 24 hours after allergen challenge (n = 4; P = .0078, respectively). E, NFATc2(−/−) CD8+ lung T cells produced less IL-2 compared with those isolated from wild-type mice (n = 4; P = .037). F, NFATc2(−/−) CD8+CD122- lung T cells produced less IFN-γ than wt (n = 4; P = .0068) as shown by FACS analysis before allergen challenge (OVA/PBS). G, Graph depicting the hypothetical sequence of events in the lung NFATc2(−/−) CD8+ T-cell population. In the absence of NFATc2(−/−), CD8+ T cells display changes characteristic of anergic T cells and produce less IL-2 (1). Because IL-2 controls CD25 expression, CD8+CD25+ T cells are also decreased in the absence of NFATc2. This event leads to an expansion of the CD8+CD122+ T-cell population (2), which releases IL-10 (3). Finally, CD8+CD122+ T cells inhibit IFN-γ production by CD8+CD122− T cells (4). ∗P < .05; ∗∗P < .01. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2008 121, 992-999.e6DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2007.12.1172) Copyright © 2008 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 4 The CD8+CD122+ subset inhibits IFN-γ production in NFATc2(−/−) CD8+CD122- cells and induces AHR on adoptive cotransfer of NFATc2(−/−) CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. A and B, Adoptive transfer of CD8+ T cells from NFATc2(−/−) compared with WT mice increased the AHR generated by NFATc2(−/−) CD4+ T cells (n = 4; P = .028, P= .014). A, The NFATc2(−/−) CD8+ T cells used to reconstitute these SCID mice released significantly less IFN-γ per cell compared with wt CD8+ T cells. The total amount of IFN-γ released by both NFATc2(−/−) CD4+ and NFATc2(−/−) CD8+ T cells (right panel) was significantly lower than wt (left panel). B, AHR is ameliorated by cotransfer of wild-type but exacerbated by cotransfer of NFATc2(−/−) CD8+ T cells. SCID mice were reconstituted with NFATc2(−/−) CD4+ T cells alone or together with either wild-type CD8+ T cells or NFATc2(−/−) CD8+ T cells from OVA-sensitized and challenged mice and AHR measured in reconstituted mice. As reference, the AHR of SCID mice reconstituted with NFATc2(−/−) CD4+ T cells alone is shown. C, Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells homed to the lung of reconstituted mice as demonstrated by FACS analysis. D, Increased number of eosinophils in SCID mice reconstituted with NFATc2(−/−) CD4+ T cells together with NFATc2(−/−) CD8+ cells (n = 4; P = .036). E and F, Decreased IFN-γ (n = 4; P = .03) and increased IL-17 (n = 4; P = .023) in lungs of SCID mice reconstituted with NFATc2(−/−) CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. BAL, Bronchoalveolar lavage; MCH, methacholine; KO, knockout. ∗P < .05; ∗∗P < .01. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2008 121, 992-999.e6DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2007.12.1172) Copyright © 2008 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 5 The sorted CD8+CD122+ subset induces AHR on adoptive cotransfer of NFATc2(−/−) CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. A, FACS of splenic CD8+ NFATc2(−/−) T cells that had been depleted of CD8+CD122+ T cells. The 2 resulting cell populations, CD8+CD122+ and CD8+CD122−, were used to reconstitute SCID mice along with CD4+ NFATc2(−/−) T cells. B, SCID mice that received CD8+CD122− NFATc2(−/−) cells but not CD8+CD122+ NFATc2(−/−) cells were protected from AHR. C and D, Decreased numbers of eosinophils and levels of eotaxin in SCID mice reconstituted with NFATc2(−/−) CD4+ T cells together with NFATc2(−/−) CD8+CD122− cells (n = 4; P = .0057 and n = 4-6; P = .0344) E, Increased IFN-γ levels in BALF of SCID mice reconstituted as described on depletion of CD8+CD122+ T cells before transfer (n = 4; P = .0298). F, Lung CD8+ T cells from both wt and NFATc2(−/−) mice were depleted of CD8+CD122+ T cells, and the 4 resulting cell populations CD8+CD122+ and CD8+CD122−, were cultured with anti-CD3 and anti-CD3/CD28 overnight and the supernatant analyzed for IFN-γ by ELISA (n = 5-9; P = .04, P = .005). As shown, the inhibition of IFN-γ production by CD8+CD122− T cells was reversed by CD8+CD122+ T-cell depletion. MCH, Methacholine; FL, fluorescence. ∗P < .05; ∗∗P < .01; ∗∗∗P < .001. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2008 121, 992-999.e6DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2007.12.1172) Copyright © 2008 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Left, Naive mice lacking NFATc2 show comparable AHR to the wild-type littermates (n = 5). Right, Addition of different amounts of recombinant IL-10 (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, Minn) did not alter IFN-γ levels in lung CD8+ T cells isolated from unchallenged mice (n = 4). MCH, Methacholine. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2008 121, 992-999.e6DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2007.12.1172) Copyright © 2008 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Upper lanes, Ovalbumin (OVA) challenge after OVA sensitization in NFATc2(−/−) mice led to increased numbers of CD8+CD122+ T cells compared with wild-type littermates (n = 4; P = .012, P = .037). Left, Isotype control. Lower lanes, OVA challenge after OVA sensitization in NFATc2(−/−) mice led to increased numbers of CD8+CD122+CD127+ T cells compared with wild-type littermates (n = 4; P = .0022). Left, Isotype control. FCS, Forward scatter; ISO, isotype control; FL, fluorescence. ∗P < .05; ∗∗∗P < .001. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2008 121, 992-999.e6DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2007.12.1172) Copyright © 2008 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

CD8+CD25+ cells were decreased in NFATc2(−/−) mice after ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization (n = 4; P = .0078) and OVA sensitization and OVA challenge (n = 4; P = .0027). ∗∗P < .01. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2008 121, 992-999.e6DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2007.12.1172) Copyright © 2008 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Increased number of CD8+CD122+ lung T cells expressing intracellular IL-10 in NFATc2(−/−) and IFN-γ(−/−) mice. Increased numbers of CD8+CD122+ lung T cells from NFATc2(−/−) mice (n = 4; P = .037, P = .011; upper panels) and IFN-γ(−/−) mice (n = 4; P = .013; lower panels) after allergen challenge as compared to the number of CD8+CD122+ T cells isolated from the NFATc2(+/+) and IFN-γ(+/+) mice, respectively. These cells express intracellular IL-10 as shown by FACS analysis. ∗P < .05. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2008 121, 992-999.e6DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2007.12.1172) Copyright © 2008 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

SCID mice reconstituted with either wild-type or NFATc2(−/−) CD8+ T cells (1.5 × 106 CD8+ T cells) do not show increased AHR (n = 5). MCH, Methacholine; OVA, ovalbumin; KO, knockout. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2008 121, 992-999.e6DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2007.12.1172) Copyright © 2008 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions