Graphs of Trigonometric Functions

Graph of the Sine Function To sketch the graph of y = sin x first locate the key points. These are the maximum points, the minimum points, and the intercepts. -1 1 sin x x Then, connect the points on the graph with a smooth curve that extends in both directions beyond the five points. A single cycle is called a period. y x y = sin x Sine Function

Graph of the Cosine Function To sketch the graph of y = cos x first locate the key points. These are the maximum points, the minimum points, and the intercepts. 1 -1 cos x x Then, connect the points on the graph with a smooth curve that extends in both directions beyond the five points. A single cycle is called a period. y x y = cos x Cosine Function

Graph of the Tangent (tan) Function To sketch the graph of y = cos x first locate the key points. These are the maximum points, the minimum points, and the intercepts. UD tan x x Then, connect the points on the graph with a smooth curve that extends in both directions beyond the five points. A single cycle is called a period. y x

Properties of Sine and Cosine Functions The graphs of y = sin x and y = cos x have similar properties: 1. The domain is the set of real numbers. 2. The range is the set of y values such that . 3. The maximum value is 1 and the minimum value is –1. 4. The graph is a smooth curve. 5. Each function cycles through all the values of the range over an x-interval of . 6. The cycle repeats itself indefinitely in both directions of the x-axis. Properties of Sine and Cosine Functions

Example: Sketch the graph of y = 3 cos x on the interval [–, 4]. Partition the interval [0, 2] into four equal parts. Find the five key points; graph one cycle; then repeat the cycle over the interval. max x-int min 3 -3 y = 3 cos x 2  x y x (0, 3) ( , 3) ( , 0) ( , 0) ( , –3) Example: y = 3 cos x

If 0 < |a| > 1, the amplitude shrinks the graph vertically. The amplitude of y = a sin x (or y = a cos x) is half the distance between the maximum and minimum values of the function. amplitude = |a | If 0 < |a| > 1, the amplitude shrinks the graph vertically. If |a | > 1, the amplitude stretches the graph vertically. If a < 0, the graph is reflected in the x-axis. y x y = 2sin x y = sin x y = sin x y = – 4 sin x reflection of y = 4 sin x y = 4 sin x Amplitude

If b > 1, the graph of the function is shrunk horizontally. The period of a function is the x interval needed for the function to complete one cycle. For b  0, the period of y = a sin bx is . For b  0, the period of y = a cos bx is also . If 0 < b < 1, the graph of the function is stretched horizontally. y x period: period: 2 If b > 1, the graph of the function is shrunk horizontally. y x period: 4 period: 2 Period of a Function

Use basic trigonometric identities to graph y = f (–x) Example 1: Sketch the graph of y = sin (–x). The graph of y = sin (–x) is the graph of y = sin x reflected in the x-axis. y x y = sin (–x) y = sin x Example 2: Sketch the graph of y = cos (–x). The graph of y = cos (–x) is identical to the graph of y = cos x. y x y = cos (–x) y = cos (–x) Graph y = f(-x)

Use the identity sin (– x) = – sin x: Example: Sketch the graph of y = 2 sin (–3x). Rewrite the function in the form y = a sin bx with b > 0 Use the identity sin (– x) = – sin x: y = 2 sin (–3x) = –2 sin 3x period: 2 3 = amplitude: |a | = |–2| = 2 Calculate the five key points. 2 –2 y = –2 sin 3x x y x ( , 2) (0, 0) ( , 0) ( , 0) ( , -2) Example: y = 2 sin(-3x)

The Graph of y = Asin(Bx - C) The graph of y = A sin (Bx – C) is obtained by horizontally shifting the graph of y = A sin Bx so that the starting point of the cycle is shifted from x = 0 to x = C/B. The number C/B is called the phase shift. amplitude = | A| period = 2 /B. y y = A sin Bx Amplitude: | A| x Starting point: x = C/B Period: 2/B

Example Determine the amplitude, period, and phase shift of y = 2sin(3x-) Solution: Amplitude = |A| = 2 period = 2/B = 2/3 phase shift = C/B = /3

Example cont. y = 2sin(3x- )

Amplitude Period: 2π/b Phase Shift: c/b Vertical Shift