Notes Science SPI 0807.T/E.2 Eng Design Process Tennessee Science SPI Standard: (0807.T/E.2) Evaluate a protocol to determine if the engineering design process was successfully applied. Tennessee US History Standard: (US.73) Describe the competition between the two “superpowers” of the United States and the Soviet Union in the areas of arms development, economic dominance, and ideology… Tennessee US History Standard: (US.104) Evaluate technological and scientific advances, including the work of significant innovators…in the fields of medicine, transportation, communication… Tennessee US History (former) Standard: (US.88) Describe President Kennedy’s…program to propel the United States to superiority in the Space Race

Cold War/Space Race USA vs. USSR During the Cold War, (1945-1991), USA and USSR (Russia) worked against each other with competing space programs. US Astronauts USSR Cosmonaut

Link (3 min 50 sec): Soviet Atomic Weapons (Tsar Bomb) In the Cold War, America and Russia strived to gain advantages over each other militarily. At first, American had the advantage with the atomic bomb. However, by 1949 Russia also had developed an atomic bomb, and each country built larger and faster rockets to carry these bombs. Link (3 min 50 sec): Soviet Atomic Weapons (Tsar Bomb)

Space Race: USA vs. USSR Fact: USSR (Russia) leaped ahead of the USA when they put the first satellite (Sputnik 1) in orbit in 1957. F.Y.I.: The name Sputnik means “traveling companion” Sputnik 1 (1957)

Space Race: USA vs. USSR Fact: USSR (Russia) also put the first “astronaut” in space in 1957 on the Sputnik 2 mission. Fact: This “astronaut” was a dog names Laika. Fact: USA’s first animal in orbit was chimp named Ham (1961).

Space Race: USA vs. USSR Fact: The USSR (Russia) maintained their lead when they put the first human in orbit (Yuri Gagarin) in 1961. Fact: The Russians called him a “cosmonaut” while the United States instead chose to call their spacemen “astronauts” F.Y.I: He may not have been the first. There may have been another cosmonaut that was first that died during the mission. Yuri Gagarin (First Man In Space) Fact: US did not place a man in orbit until 1962 (John Glenn).

Valentina Tereshokova Space Race: USA vs. USSR Fact: USSR (Russia) maintained their lead when they put the first woman in orbit (Valentina Tereshkova) in 1963. Valentina Tereshokova (First Woman In Space) Note: US did not place a woman into space until 1983 (Sally Ride)

SPI 0807.T/E.2 (Eng Des Process) US.88 (Space Race) Notes Science Fact: President Kennedy (JFK) wanted to inspire the country to catch up and move ahead of the Russians. So in 1961 he committed the USA to landing a man on the moon before 1970. Fact: This lead to three NASA spaceflight projects (1) Project Mercury (2) Project Gemini (3) Project Apollo

Project Mercury (1959-1963) This was the USA's first human spaceflight program It had two main goals Goal 01: put a human in orbit Goal 02: do this before the Soviet Union Project Mercury Atlas Rocket (1961) Goal 01: Achieved this goal in 1962 Goal 02: Failed (Russians did it first) Mercury Capsule (1962)

(extra-vehicular activity) Project Gemini (1962-1966) This was the USA's second human spaceflight program It had several goals Goal: practice linking up spaceships in orbit Goal: in orbit have astronauts work outside their spaceship Goals: All goals were achieved by 1966 Project Gemini (extra-vehicular activity) Gemini 6 and 7 (docking spacecraft)

Project Apollo (1968-1972) This was the USA's mission to land astronauts on the moon. Tragedy: The first mission, Apollo 1, was a failure. On the launch pad a fire killed the three astronauts on board. Success: Apollo 11 mission, two astronauts landed on the moon. Lunar Lander (1969) Astronaut Buzz Aldrin (1969)

Project Apollo (1968-1972) More US Success: US astronauts landed on the moon six times (Apollo 11, Apollo 12, Apollo 14, Apollo 15, Apollo 16, Apollo 17) Apollo 13 Success/Failure: Equipment failure almost cost the lives of the Apollo 13 crew. Video Link (2 min 28 sec): Niel Armstrong-First Moon Landing

Russian Moon Lander (Never Used) Soviet Lunar Program USSR Success/Failure: Russia had over 15 successful Moon missions (no manned landings) Success: First probe successfully sent to the Moon (Luna 2-1959). Success: First lunar obiter (Luna 3-1959) Success: First lunar landing-Luna 9 (1966-unmanned) Failure: Attempted to beat Apollo 11 (Luna 15-crashed 1969) Luna 9-1966 Russian Moon Lander (Never Used)

SPI 0807.T/E.2 (Eng Des Process) Brainpop Video SPI 0807.T/E.2 (Eng Des Process) US.88 (Space Race) Science Enrichment: Watch a Brainpop video about the Apollo Project Click on this link and log in: Brainpop website