Ch. 14 Acids And Bases

Properties of Acids Aqueous solutions of acids have a _____________. Acids change the ________________. Some acids react with ____________ and release _______________. Acids react with ________ to produce __________________. Acids conduct _______________. 14-2

The pH Scale

Indicators

Acid Nomenclature _____________: an acid that contains only two different elements, hydrogen and one of the more electronegative elements. The name begins with ________. The ___________ of the second element. The name ends with ______. (ex. HCl = hydrochloric acid) 14-3

Acid Nomenclature _____: an acid that is a compound of hydrogen, oxygen and a third element, usually a nonmetal. Some common oxyacids: Nitrous acid: ______ Nitric acid: ________ Sulfurous acid: _______ Sulfuric acid: _______ 14-4

Common Industrial Acids ______________: used in petroleum refining and production of fertilizer, metals, paints, dyes detergents and as a dehydrating agent. ____________: Used to make rubber, plastics, dyes and pharmaceuticals. ___________________: Used to manufacture fertilizers and animal feeds, as a flavoring agent in beverages (soda). ___________________: Aids digestion, used as a cleaning agent, in food processing, recovery of Mg from sea water. ______________: Vinegar, used to make plastics, food supplements, and as a fungicide. 14-5

Properties of Bases Aqueous solutions taste ________. Bases change the color of _________. Dilute aqueous solutions of bases feel _______________________. Bases react with acids to produce ______________________. Bases conduct _____________. 14-6

Arrhenius Acids and Bases ______________: a chemical compound that increases the concentration of H+ ions in aqueous solution. ____________________ _________________: a substance that increases the concentration of OH- ion in aqueous solution. __________________________ 14-7

Strengths of Acids _________________: one that ionizes completely in aqueous solution. _______________: releases few H+ ions in aqueous solution. 14-8

Strengths of Bases ___________________: strong electrolytes. __________________: weak electrolytes. 14-9

BrØsted-Lowry ________________: a molecule or ion that is a proton donor. (H+ is a proton) __________________: a molecule or ion that is a proton acceptor. ________________________: protons are transferred from one reactant (the acid) to another (the base). _________________________________ 14-10

BrØsted-Lowry ________________: an acid that can donate one proton per molecule. (HNO3) ________________: an acid that can donate more than one proton per molecule. (H2SO4) ______________: can donate two protons per molecule. ______________: can donate three protons per molecule. 14-11

BrØsted-Lowry 14-12

Lewis Acids and Bases ____________: an atom, ion or molecule that accepts an electron pair to form a covalent bond. With this definition, an acid doesn’t need to include hydrogen. _____________: an atom, ion or molecule that donates an electron pair to form a covalent bond. _____________________: the formation of one or more covalent bonds between an electron-pair donor and an electron-pair acceptor. 14-13

Acid – Base Definitions Type Acid Base __________ H+ or H3O+ OH- producer producer _____________ Proton (H+) Proton Acceptor Donor _________ Electron-Pair Electron-Pair Donor Acceptor 14-14

Acid – Base Reactions _________________: the species that remains after a BrØnsted-Lowry acid has given up a proton __________________: the species that is formed when a BrØnsted-Lowry base gains a proton. 14-15

Acid – Base Reactions 14-16

Acid – Base Reactions 14-17

Acid – Base Reactions 14-18

Acid – Base Reactions Proton transfer reactions_______ the production of the ________ acid and the _____________ base. 14-19

__________ is an example of an amphoteric substance: Amphoteric Compounds ___________________: any species that can react as either an acid or a base. __________ is an example of an amphoteric substance: H2SO4 + H2O → H3O+ + HSO4- acid1 base2 acid2 base1 NH3 + H2O → NH4+ + OH- base1 acid2 acid1 base2 14-20

Acid-Base Neutralization ________________: the reaction of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions to form water. __________: an ionic compound composed of a cation from a base and an anion from an acid. 14-21

Acid Rain Acid rain occurs when industrial processes ______________ that dissolve in atmospheric water to produce __________ ____________. 14-22

Ch. 14 The End 14-23