Lydia Michael, Derina E. Sweeney, Jamie A. Davies Kidney International

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A role for microfilament-based contraction in branching morphogenesis of the ureteric bud Lydia Michael, Derina E. Sweeney, Jamie A. Davies Kidney International Volume 68, Issue 5, Pages 2010-2018 (November 2005) DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00655.x Copyright © 2005 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 The expression of microfilaments in kidneys developing in culture. In kidneys grown in normal medium for 24 hours (A) and 48 hours (B), actin filaments, detected with rhodamine-labeled phalloidin, are prominent at the tips of the branching ureteric bud (UB). Staining is particularly strong in the apical domains of the cells (ap) but is also clearly visible near the basement membranes (bm). The surrounding mesenchyme (MM) stains less strongly. The strong expression of actin filaments in bud tips grown in normal medium, seen at higher magnification (C and E) disappears when bud morphogenesis is prevented by growth in 30mmol/L sodium chlorate[8], [9] (D) or 10 μg/mL function blocking anti-glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) (F). In these kidneys, the staining in the tips is more like that in the rest of the ureteric bud, although the epithelia of nephrons (N), which do not depend on GDNF for their morphogenesis, still show strong apical actin (scale bar 100 μm). Kidney International 2005 68, 2010-2018DOI: (10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00655.x) Copyright © 2005 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 The effect of cytochalasin D on ureteric bud development. (A) Ureteric buds (UB) of kidneys grown in normal media form well-branched, spindly trees. (B) Those grown in 0.1 μg/mL cytochalasin D form significantly fewer branches and instead become bloated and misshapen. Ureteric buds that have become bloated in response to being cultured for 24 hours in 0.1 μg/mL cytochalasin (C) recover their normal diameters and begin to branch again when this is replaced with normal medium (D). Ureteric bud cells remain in tips made inactive with sodium chlorate, even in the presence of 0.1 μg/mL cytochalasin D (E), but when tips are active in the presence of cytochalasin, tip cells scatter into the mesenchyme (F). All samples are stained for the ureteric bud marker, calbindin D-28K (scale bar 100μm). Kidney International 2005 68, 2010-2018DOI: (10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00655.x) Copyright © 2005 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Myosin activity is required for ureteric bud branching. (A) The branching of the ureteric bud is inhibited by the myosin inhibitor, butadione monoxime (BDM) in a dose-dependent manner. Error bars represent standard error of the mean. (B) Control cultures show normal branching of the ureteric bud (U) in its mesenchyme (M), whereas those grown for 24 hours in 5mmol/L BDM show strong inhibition of branching. Branching recovers if kidneys grown in 5mmol/L BDM for 24 hours (C) are then transferred to normal medium for a further 48 hours (D). Kidney International 2005 68, 2010-2018DOI: (10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00655.x) Copyright © 2005 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 The effect on ureteric bud morphogenesis of inhibiting the Rho kinase ROCK. (A and B) The ROCK inhibitors Y27632 and H1152 each inhibit ureteric bud branching. Inhibition of ROCK causes ureteric buds to develop an under-branched, bloated morphology (D) compared to controls (C). Staining is for calbindin D-28K. Antilaminin staining shows that nephrons (arrows) develop from the mesenchyme as normal in both control kidneys (E) and those grown in 5 μmol/L Y27632 (F). Phalloidin staining shows that the strong staining of the tips, characteristic of control kidneys (G) is lost in 5 μmol/L Y27632 and the filamentous actin within the bud becomes disorganized throughout and weaker in the tips than in the stalks (H). (I and J) Y27632 (5 μmol/L) produces its morphogenetic effects with no significant effects on either cell proliferation or on apoptosis in the bud tips. In contrast, 5 μmol/L H1152 does significantly increase both proliferation and apoptosis. Kidney International 2005 68, 2010-2018DOI: (10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00655.x) Copyright © 2005 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions