6.3 Tests for Parallelograms Geometry

TARGETS: Recognize the conditions that ensure a quadrilateral is a parallelogram. Prove that a set of points forms a parallelogram in the coordinate plane.

Content Standards G-CO.11 Prove geometric theorems.   G-CO.12 Make geometric constructions. G-GPE.4 Use coordinates to prove simple geometric theorems algebraically. Mathematical Practices 1 Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them 2 Reason abstractly and quantitatively. 6 Attend to precision.

You recognized and applied properties of parallelograms. (Lesson 6-2) Recognize the conditions that ensure a quadrilateral is a parallelogram. Prove that a set of points forms a parallelogram in the coordinate plane.

Theorems Theorem 6.9: If both pairs of opposite sides of a quadrilateral are congruent, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. ABCD is a parallelogram.

Theorems Theorem 6.10: If both pairs of opposite angles of a quadrilateral are congruent, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. ABCD is a parallelogram.

Theorems Theorem 6.11: If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. ABCD is a parallelogram.

Theorems Theorem 6.12—If one pair of opposite sides of a quadrilateral are congruent and parallel, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. ABCD is a parallelogram. B C A D

Another Theorem~ If an angle of a quadrilateral is supplementary to both of its consecutive angles, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. (180 – x)° x° x° ABCD is a parallelogram.

Ex. 1: Proof of Theorem 6.6 Statements: AB ≅ CD, AD ≅ CB. AC ≅ AC ∆ABC ≅ ∆CDA BAC ≅ DCA, DAC ≅ BCA AB║CD, AD ║CB. ABCD is a  Reasons: Given

Ex. 1: Proof of Theorem 6.6 Statements: AB ≅ CD, AD ≅ CB. AC ≅ AC ∆ABC ≅ ∆CDA BAC ≅ DCA, DAC ≅ BCA AB║CD, AD ║CB. ABCD is a  Reasons: Given Reflexive Prop. of Congruence

Ex. 1: Proof of Theorem 6.6 Statements: AB ≅ CD, AD ≅ CB. AC ≅ AC ∆ABC ≅ ∆CDA BAC ≅ DCA, DAC ≅ BCA AB║CD, AD ║CB. ABCD is a  Reasons: Given Reflexive Prop. of Congruence SSS Congruence Postulate

Ex. 1: Proof of Theorem 6.6 Statements: AB ≅ CD, AD ≅ CB. AC ≅ AC ∆ABC ≅ ∆CDA BAC ≅ DCA, DAC ≅ BCA AB║CD, AD ║CB. ABCD is a  Reasons: Given Reflexive Prop. of Congruence SSS Congruence Postulate CPCTC

Ex. 1: Proof of Theorem 6.6 Statements: AB ≅ CD, AD ≅ CB. AC ≅ AC ∆ABC ≅ ∆CDA BAC ≅ DCA, DAC ≅ BCA AB║CD, AD ║CB. ABCD is a  Reasons: Given Reflexive Prop. of Congruence SSS Congruence Postulate CPCTC Alternate Interior s Converse

Ex. 1: Proof of Theorem 6.6 Statements: AB ≅ CD, AD ≅ CB. AC ≅ AC ∆ABC ≅ ∆CDA BAC ≅ DCA, DAC ≅ BCA AB║CD, AD ║CB. ABCD is a  Reasons: Given Reflexive Prop. of Congruence SSS Congruence Postulate CPCTC Alternate Interior s Converse Def. of a parallelogram.

Ex. 2: Proving Quadrilaterals are Parallelograms As the sewing box below is opened, the trays are always parallel to each other. Why?

Ex. 2: Proving Quadrilaterals are Parallelograms Each pair of hinges are opposite sides of a quadrilateral. The 2.75 inch sides of the quadrilateral are opposite and congruent. The 2 inch sides are also opposite and congruent. Because opposite sides of the quadrilateral are congruent, it is a parallelogram. By the definition of a parallelogram, opposite sides are parallel, so the trays of the sewing box are always parallel.

Ex. 3: Proof of Theorem 6.10 Given: BC║DA, BC ≅ DA Prove: ABCD is a  Statements: BC ║DA DAC ≅ BCA AC ≅ AC BC ≅ DA ∆BAC ≅ ∆DCA AB ≅ CD ABCD is a  Reasons: 1. Given

Ex. 3: Proof of Theorem 6.10 Given: BC║DA, BC ≅ DA Prove: ABCD is a  Statements: BC ║DA DAC ≅ BCA AC ≅ AC BC ≅ DA ∆BAC ≅ ∆DCA AB ≅ CD ABCD is a  Reasons: Given Alt. Int. s Thm.

Ex. 3: Proof of Theorem 6.10 Given: BC║DA, BC ≅ DA Prove: ABCD is a  Statements: BC ║DA DAC ≅ BCA AC ≅ AC BC ≅ DA ∆BAC ≅ ∆DCA AB ≅ CD ABCD is a  Reasons: Given Alt. Int. s Thm. Reflexive Property

Ex. 3: Proof of Theorem 6.10 Given: BC║DA, BC ≅ DA Prove: ABCD is a  Statements: BC ║DA DAC ≅ BCA AC ≅ AC BC ≅ DA ∆BAC ≅ ∆DCA AB ≅ CD ABCD is a  Reasons: Given Alt. Int. s Thm. Reflexive Property

Ex. 3: Proof of Theorem 6.10 Given: BC║DA, BC ≅ DA Prove: ABCD is a  Statements: BC ║DA DAC ≅ BCA AC ≅ AC BC ≅ DA ∆BAC ≅ ∆DCA AB ≅ CD ABCD is a  Reasons: Given Alt. Int. s Thm. Reflexive Property SAS Congruence Post.

Ex. 3: Proof of Theorem 6.10 Given: BC║DA, BC ≅ DA Prove: ABCD is a  Statements: BC ║DA DAC ≅ BCA AC ≅ AC BC ≅ DA ∆BAC ≅ ∆DCA AB ≅ CD ABCD is a  Reasons: Given Alt. Int. s Thm. Reflexive Property SAS Congruence Post. CPCTC

Ex. 3: Proof of Theorem 6.10 Given: BC║DA, BC ≅ DA Prove: ABCD is a  Statements: BC ║DA DAC ≅ BCA AC ≅ AC BC ≅ DA ∆BAC ≅ ∆DCA AB ≅ CD ABCD is a  Reasons: Given Alt. Int. s Thm. Reflexive Property SAS Congruence Post. CPCTC If opp. sides of a quad. are ≅, then it is a .

Objective 2: Using Coordinate Geometry When a figure is in the coordinate plane, you can use the Distance Formula (see—it never goes away) to prove that sides are congruent and you can use the slope formula (see how you use this again?) to prove sides are parallel.

Ex. 4: Using properties of parallelograms Show that A(2, -1), B(1, 3), C(6, 5) and D(7,1) are the vertices of a parallelogram.

Ex. 4: Using properties of parallelograms Method 1—Show that opposite sides have the same slope, so they are parallel. Slope of AB. 3-(-1) = - 4 1 - 2 Slope of CD. 1 – 5 = - 4 7 – 6 Slope of BC. 5 – 3 = 2 6 - 1 5 Slope of DA. - 1 – 1 = 2 2 - 7 5 AB and CD have the same slope, so they are parallel. Similarly, BC ║ DA. Because opposite sides are parallel, ABCD is a parallelogram.

Ex. 4: Using properties of parallelograms Method 2—Show that opposite sides have the same length. AB=√(1 – 2)2 + [3 – (- 1)2] = √17 CD=√(7 – 6)2 + (1 - 5)2 = √17 BC=√(6 – 1)2 + (5 - 3)2 = √29 DA= √(2 – 7)2 + (-1 - 1)2 = √29 AB ≅ CD and BC ≅ DA. Because both pairs of opposites sides are congruent, ABCD is a parallelogram.

Ex. 4: Using properties of parallelograms Method 3—Show that one pair of opposite sides is congruent and parallel. Slope of AB = Slope of CD = -4 AB=CD = √17 AB and CD are congruent and parallel, so ABCD is a parallelogram.