November 18/19, 2014 Warm Up Agenda What questions/concerns do you have about answering the types of questions you did yesterday as part of the PRACTICE Cambridge style questions? Warm Up Questions from yesterday Success and Failure of the LofN Video Clip (intro) The League of Nations Border Disputes Criticisms Graphic Organizer and Focus Task Continue working on Practice Cambridge Assessment

League of Nations

Objectives Analyze strengths and weaknesses of the League in the 1920s

AIMS Encourage co-operation Discourage aggression (create world peace) Uphold Treaty of Versailles Encourage co-operation Discourage aggression (create world peace) Disarmament Improve social conditions

Discuss Did the League have any chance of keeping peace? Why? Think: Would you have urged your country to join?

Compare these two cartoons In partners, pick one of the cartoons. Think about: is your cartoon optimistic or pessimistic about the League of Nations? Is it critical of the United States? Discuss your ideas with your partner. Look at each other’s cartoon and agree/disagree. Write a paragraph summarizing the message of the two cartoons. Video Analysis

Welcome! Please pick up a big book and a packet at the front of the room.

League of Nations Review Silent Movie

Directions Flip to page 236 in your big book. While we read together, please fill out the chart being handed out. Create a table like the one shown on page 238 in the Focus Task box. Look at the criticisms people had of the League. Is there evidence for/against those criticisms?

Next Read page 239 to find out how the League was successful. Then, read 240-243 filling out the chart. Complete step #3 of the Focus Task on page 243.

Directions Using the skinny book, read pages 30-37 and take notes. (should be done already, was your homework) Then, make a T-Chart. What evidence is there of both success and failure? Make a T-Chart.

WAS Weak: Had no real power, only talk. Without its own military or worldwide participation, it couldn’t enforce its sanctions. America: Without the USA, Britain and France didn’t have enough power to maintain peace themselves. America’s refusal to join substantially weakened the League. Structure: The League had an inefficient structure. All decisions had to be unanimous making it very difficult to get things done.

DUMB Depression: An economic meltdown caused countries worldwide to be more concerned with themselves than international issues. Unsuccessful: Repeated failures undermined the world’s faith in the League Members: The nations in the League rarely got along. Bullies: The League marginalized countries (such as Germany & Russia) by excluding them. Countries left out would be less likely to adhere to the League’s demands.

Attempt to make it stronger: The Geneva Protocol 1923 Draft a treaty of mutual assistance (make the threat of force more practical by saying that the League would only ask members to send troops to nearby conflicts). 1924 Protocol - Set out clear rules for the peaceful negotiation of disputes (everyone signs a document saying they would listen to the League’s decisions - If countries did not follow the rules the League was entitled to use trade sanctions and force Britain didn’t sign the Protocol because they worried about being forced to do something down the road that was not within their own interest (not keen on getting involved in other people’s arguments) Attempts to strengthen the military power of the League had come to nothing. What was meant to stregthen the League had weakened it.

Critics of the League

At this point you should have a basic understanding of the organization and potential weaknesses of the League. If not, come see me for help. Next, we will look at the League in action.

The League in action – disputes in the 1920s Vilna The Poles captured Vilna (capital of Lithuania but had a largely Polish population). Lithuania appealed for help. The League ordered Poland to withdraw but Poland refused. Britain and France were not prepared to use troops to force Poles out of Vilna. The League could do nothing. Poles kept Vilna.

The League in action – disputes in the 1920s Upper Silesia Germany & Poland both want land. Instead of fighting, they allowed the people of the land to vote which country they wanted to belong to. The League sent British and French troops to keep order at the polling booths. The League divided the region along the lines the people wanted and built in safeguards (protection) so that there wouldn’t be future disputes. The League had made a decision that both sides accepted. They used democratic means (voting) and peaceful discussion to avoid a war and come to a conclusion.

The League in action – disputes in the 1920s Aaland Islands Sweden and Finland were threatening to fight, but instead appealed to the League for help. The League studied the situation closely and made a decision. Sweden and Finland accepted the decision. War was avoided. The League made a decision that both sides accepted.  The help of the League in this situation kept these countries out of war.

The League in action – disputes in the 1920s Corfu An Italian named Tellini was murdered in Greece while sorting out a border dispute. Mussolini was furious, blamed Greece, and then bombarded and occupied Corfu. Greece appealed to the League for help and they ordered Mussolini to leave. However, Mussolini went around the agreement and forced Greece had to apologize and pay compensation to Italy. It demonstrated how the League could be undermined by one of its own members.

The League in action – disputes in the 1920s Bulgaria Greek soldiers were killed in a small fight on the border between Greece and Bulgaria. The Greeks were angry and invaded Bulgaria. They did not fight back, but instead appealed to the League. The League ordered Greece to withdraw and the Bulgarians not to fight. They both listened. War was avoided.

The League in action Other successes

League of Nations worked for a better world Bigger & better things to do than solve disputes… It also helped to fight poverty, disease, and injustice all over the world… Refugees: Returned half a million men returned safely home in the first few years after the war. Helped stamp out cholera, smallpox, and dysentery in the refugee camps. Working conditions: The International Labor Organization (ILO) improved working conditions around the globe (banned poisonous paint, limited working hours for small children, campaigned for improvement of general working conditions, introduced the 8 hr day). ILO still in existence today. Health: The Health Committee (later the World Health Organization) worked hard to reduce leprosy, malaria, and yellow fever, the plague, and more, especially in poorer countries.

League of Nations worked for a better world Social problems: Blacklisted companies involved in illegal drug trade Freed 200,000 British-owned slaves in Sierra Leone Organized raids against slave owners and traders in Burma Challenged the use of forced labor and brought the death rate of many African workers from 50% down to 4% Even when it could not remove social injustice the League kept careful records of what was going on and provided information on drug trafficking, prostitution and slavery Gave economic advice to Austria (1922) and Hungary (1923) and successfully organized a plan to save their economy Created the Permanent Court of International Justice

The League in Action Other failures

Disarmament in the 1920s Largely failed in ever bringing about disarmament. USA, Japan, Britain and France agreed to limit the size of their navies, but that was as far as disarmament ever got. Damaged its reputation, especially with Germany.

Other Treaties The creation of other treaties could be seen as a failure. It is a sign that most countries were relying on something other than the League to keep them safe. Conducting diplomacy outside of the league of nations and putting their trust in paper treaties. Examples: Geneva Protocol Washington Treaty Dawes Plan Locarno Pact

Dawes Plan Date: Aim: Countries involved: 1924 Aim: To help Germany survive, become stronger, and pay reparations. Countries involved: US, Germany, French & other allied countries Terms (how it was meant to work): 2 yr freeze on payment of reparations Level of German payments scaled down USA offers huge loans to Germany Whether the League was involved: Not directly involved How it helped/hindered/did not affect the League’s work Helped to sort of Germany’s economic chaos and help the economies of Britain and France. The recovery of trading relationships reduced tension. Met one of League’s aims to encourage trading links. Date: Aim: Countries involved: Terms (how it was meant to work): Whether the League was involved How it help/hindered/did not affect the League’s work

Young Plan Date: Aim: Countries involved: 1929 Aim: Settle the issue of German reparations even further Countries involved: USA, Germany Terms (how it was meant to work): Reduced German reparations further Whether the League was involved: Not directly (committee headed by America) How it helped/hindered/did not affect the League’s work Achievement for Germany (likes Dawes plan) but did not bring peace and harmony Date: Aim: Countries involved: Terms (how it was meant to work): Whether the League was involved How it help/hindered/did not affect the League’s work

Washington Conference Date: 1922 Aim: Trying to limit tension in pacific ocean between Japan and USA Countries involved: USA, Japan, Britian Terms (how it was meant to work): USA and Britain agree to have navies of equal size Japanese navy limited to 3/5 size of US & British navies Whether the League was involved: No. The USA ignored the League and organized a conference of its own. How it helped/hindered/did not affect the League’s work This was exactly the sort of dispute the League was supposed to work out. This showed the world the limits of the authority of the League. Date: Aim: Countries involved: Terms (how it was meant to work): Whether the League was involved How it help/hindered/did not affect the League’s work

Rapallo Treaty Date: Aim: Countries involved: 1922 Aim: Establish friendly relations Countries involved: Germans & Russians Terms (how it was meant to work): Russia and Germany would secretly co-operate on military planning Whether the League was involved: No How it helped/hindered/did not affect the League’s work Huge blow to the authority ot the lEague of nations Date: Aim: Countries involved: Terms (how it was meant to work): Whether the League was involved How it help/hindered/did not affect the League’s work

Locarno treaties Date: 1925 Aim: Countries involved: Resolve some left over issues after WWI. The Locarno agreements gave new hope that the League of Nations might take on the role that Wilson had wanted it too. Countries involved: France, Britain, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Poland, and Czechoslovakia Terms (how it was meant to work): Germany accepted borders laid out in Treaty Italy + Britain promise to protect France Germany accepted Rhineland would remain demilitarized France and Germany agreed to settle disputes through the League Paved the way for Germany to enter the League Whether the League was involved: Was not involved How it helped/hindered/did not affect the League’s work Made the League look bad. If collective security was in fact reliable, Locarno was unnecessary. If Locarno was necessary, the League of Nations was inadequate to ensure the security. Date: 1925 Aim: Countries involved: Terms (how it was meant to work): Whether the League was involved How it help/hindered/did not affect the League’s work

“The League’s commitment to collective security was devalued by Locarno. For, if collective security was in fact reliable, Locarno was unnecessary. If Locarno was necessary, the League of Nations was, by definition, inadequate to ensure the security of even its principal founding members. Locarno was hailed as turning the corner towards permanent peace, but in fact marked the beginning of the end of the Versailles international order.” H. Kissinger

Kellogg-Briand Pact Date: Aim: Countries involved: 1928 Aim: Promise of all countries not to go to war with each other Countries involved: 15 powerful countries Terms (how it was meant to work): Each country would promise not to use warfare to get what they wanted (condemn war and reject it) Only keep armies for self-defense Whether the League was involved: Not involved How it helped/hindered/did not affect the League’s work The agreement did not help the league with disarmament. Date: Aim: Countries involved: Terms (how it was meant to work): Whether the League was involved How it help/hindered/did not affect the League’s work