Mutations in CDC14A, Encoding a Protein Phosphatase Involved in Hair Cell Ciliogenesis, Cause Autosomal-Recessive Severe to Profound Deafness Sedigheh.

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Mentor: Jennifer Phillips, PhD University of Oregon- SPUR Program

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Mutations in CDC14A, Encoding a Protein Phosphatase Involved in Hair Cell Ciliogenesis, Cause Autosomal-Recessive Severe to Profound Deafness Sedigheh Delmaghani, Asadollah Aghaie, Yosra Bouyacoub, Hala El Hachmi, Crystel Bonnet, Zied Riahi, Sebastien Chardenoux, Isabelle Perfettini, Jean-Pierre Hardelin, Ahmed Houmeida, Philippe Herbomel, Christine Petit The American Journal of Human Genetics Volume 98, Issue 6, Pages 1266-1270 (June 2016) DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.04.015 Copyright © 2016 American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Phenotypic and Genotypic Analysis in the Iranian and Mauritanian Families (A) Segregation analysis with SNP markers at chromosome 1p21.2–1p21.1 in the Iranian family. Deaf individuals and unaffected individuals are indicated by filled symbols and open symbols, respectively. The haplotype associated with the affected allele is boxed. The physical distances (in megabases, Mb) between the SNP markers and the centromere are indicated on the left (human genome reference sequence build UCSC hg19/GRCh37). Right panels: partial DNA sequence chromatograms of CDC14A exon 11 containing the c.1126C>T (p.Arg376∗) nonsense mutation in the heterozygous state in the normal-hearing individual IV.6, and at homozygous state in the deaf individual V.18. (B) Right- and left-ear audiograms in a normal-hearing individual (V.11, 29 years old) and in six hearing-impaired individuals (V.1, 69 years; V.6, 40 years; V.8, 34 years; V.14, 21 years; V.15, 38 years; and V.18, 31 years) of the Iranian family. (C) A pedigree of the Mauritanian family and partial DNA sequence chromatograms of CDC14A exon 11 in a normal-hearing control and in the deaf proband shows the c.1015C>T (p.Arg339∗) biallelic nonsense mutation in the latter. (D) Schematic representation of the CDC14A longest isoform (623 amino acids). The dual-specificity protein phosphatase; N-terminal (DSPn) and protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) domains are shown in purple and in blue, respectively. Vertical arrows indicate the positions of the two nonsense mutations. The American Journal of Human Genetics 2016 98, 1266-1270DOI: (10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.04.015) Copyright © 2016 American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 CDC14A in the Mouse Inner Ear The distribution of CDC14A was analyzed in the cochlear sensory epithelium (organ of Corti) and one of the vestibular sensory epithelia (utricular macula) on E18.5, P3, P12, and P21, by whole-mount immunofluorescence. An anti-acetylated tubulin monoclonal antibody (Sigma T7451) and phalloidin (Sigma 94072) were used for labeling the hair cells’ kinocilia and F-actin filled stereocilia (the modified microvilli that make the hair cells’ hair bundles, which are at the core of the mechanoelectrical transduction process), respectively. CDC14A is present along the kinocilia of cochlear and vestibular hair cells at all stages analyzed. In the cochlea, the kinocilium is present only in developing hair cells, not in mature (P21) hair cells, whereas in the vestibular end organs the kinocilium persists in mature hair cells. On P12, CDC14A-immunoreactive kinocilia were still detected in inner hair cells (IHCs) of the cochlear apical region, but not in outer hair cells (OHCs), which have already lost their kinocilia at this stage (data not shown). Note that CDC14A is also detected in the primary cilia of supporting cells on E18.5 (asterisks). No labeling was observed at any stage with the rabbit pre-immune serum (data not shown). Scale bars represent 5 μm. The American Journal of Human Genetics 2016 98, 1266-1270DOI: (10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.04.015) Copyright © 2016 American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Knockdown of cdc14a in Zebrafish (A) One- to two-cell-stage embryos of Danio rerio were injected with 4 ng of either a cdc14a splice-blocking morpholino (5’-GTTTGGGCAGACTCACTTTTCATAA-3’) or a mismatch morpholino (5’-GTaTcGGCAcACTCAgTTTTgATAA-3’; mismatched nucleotides are lowercase) as a negative control (Gene Tools), and larvae were analyzed at 3 days post-fertilization (dpf). The blocking morpholino oligonucleotide (MO, red bar) was designed to encompass the splice donor site of cdc14a (NCBI: NM_201149.1, 15 exons) intron 2. This resulted in abnormally spliced cdc14a transcripts either retaining intron 2 (transcript b) or lacking exon 2 (transcript c) in the larvae injected with the blocking morpholino (knockdown), instead of the normal transcript (transcript a) present in the larvae injected with the mismatch morpholino (control), as shown by RT-PCR analysis (with primers located in exons 1 and 5) followed by sequencing of the amplicons. M, DNA size marker: 100 bp ladder. (B) Whole-mount immunofluorescence analysis of the inner-ear anterior macula in 3 dpf control larvae (i.e., injected with the mismatched morpholino, MI) and cdc14a knockdown larvae (i.e., injected with the blocking morpholino, MO); an anti-acetylated tubulin monoclonal antibody and phalloidin were used for labeling the hair cells’ kinocilia and F-actin filled stereocilia, respectively (confocal microscopy). In the knockdown larva, the overall structure of the hair bundles is preserved, but the kinocilia have reduced lengths. The bar chart shows the quantitative analysis of kinocilia lengths, measured with ImageJ software, in four non-injected (n = 91 kinocilia), five MI-injected (n = 119), and ten MO-injected (n = 227) larvae. Data are represented as the mean ± SEM. The scale bar represents 10 μm. n.s., not significant; ∗∗∗, p < 0.001. The American Journal of Human Genetics 2016 98, 1266-1270DOI: (10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.04.015) Copyright © 2016 American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions