International Journal of Surgery Annona muricata leaves accelerate wound healing in rats via involvement of Hsp70 and antioxidant defence  Soheil Zorofchian Moghadamtousi, Elham Rouhollahi, Maryam Hajrezaie, Hamed Karimian, Mahmood Ameen Abdulla, Habsah Abdul Kadir  International Journal of Surgery  Volume 18, Pages 110-117 (June 2015) DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.03.026 Copyright © 2015 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Excisional skin wound on day 0, before starting treatments. A uniform wound was excised from the nape of the dorsal neck of each rat. International Journal of Surgery 2015 18, 110-117DOI: (10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.03.026) Copyright © 2015 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Gross appearance of the healing of excisional wound in rats at day 15. The rats were topically dressed (0.2 ml) with (A) blank placebo, EEAM at two doses (B) 5%, (C) 10% w/w and (D) intrasite gel. EEAM, ethyl acetate extract of A. muricata leaves. International Journal of Surgery 2015 18, 110-117DOI: (10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.03.026) Copyright © 2015 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Effect of topical treatments on percentage of wound closure in four groups. Four groups of rats include (A) vehicle control, (B) low dose of EEAM, (C) high dose of EEAM and (D) positive control. Data are reported as means ± SEM of six animals per group. A value of P < 0.05 was considered significant. EEAM, ethyl acetate extract of A. muricata leaves. International Journal of Surgery 2015 18, 110-117DOI: (10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.03.026) Copyright © 2015 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Histological analysis (H & E) of wound tissues on day 15 after operation, from four groups of rats. Four groups of rats include (A) vehicle control, (B) low dose of EEAM, (C) high dose of EEAM and (D) positive control. The white arrows illustrate the wound area for each group. D, dermis; E, epidermis; EEAM, ethyl acetate extract of A. muricata leaves; GT, granulation tissue; S: scar width. Scale bar: 500 μm. International Journal of Surgery 2015 18, 110-117DOI: (10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.03.026) Copyright © 2015 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Histological analysis (Masson Trichrome) of wound tissues on day 15 after operation, from four groups of rats. Four groups of rats include (A) vehicle control, (B) low dose of EEAM, (C) high dose of EEAM and (D) positive control. CF, collagen fiber; EEAM, ethyl acetate extract of A. muricata leaves; IN: inflammatory cell. Scale bar: 10 μm. International Journal of Surgery 2015 18, 110-117DOI: (10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.03.026) Copyright © 2015 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Immunohistochemical analysis of Hsp70 protein expression from four groups of rats. Four groups of rats include (A) vehicle control, (B) low dose of EEAM, (C) high dose of EEAM and (D) positive control. Immunohistochemistry staining showed up-regulation of Hsp70 in groups B–D. The red arrows depict Hsp70 protein accumulation in gastric tissue. EEAM, ethyl acetate extract of A. muricata leaves. Scale bar: 10 μm. International Journal of Surgery 2015 18, 110-117DOI: (10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.03.026) Copyright © 2015 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 7 Effect of ointment treatments on MDA level in wound tissue homogenate from four groups. Four groups of rats include (A) vehicle control, (B) low dose of EEAM, (C) high dose of EEAM and (D) positive control. Data are reported as means ± SEM of six animals per group. A value of P < 0.05 was considered significant. EEAM, ethyl acetate extract of A. muricata leaves. International Journal of Surgery 2015 18, 110-117DOI: (10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.03.026) Copyright © 2015 Terms and Conditions