C2.7 Alcohols & Carboxylic Acids

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Presentation transcript:

C2.7 Alcohols & Carboxylic Acids Reactions of alcohols C2.7 Alcohols & Carboxylic Acids

Making alcohols Recap The hydration of ethane: CH2=CH2(g) + H2O(g) ⇄ CH3CH2OH(g) Conditions: 300oC, 60-70 atmospheres, phosphoric acid catalyst. Fermentation (e.g. glucose): C6H12O6  2C2H5OH + 2CO2 Conditions: 35oC, yeast, no oxygen

Dehydration reactions Dehydration reaction: This type of reaction is an elimination reaction in which water is formed as a product. For alcohols the dehydration results in the formation of an alkene. The acid catalysts normally used are either concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4) or concentrated phosphoric acid (H3PO4). One alternative, non-acidic, catalyst could be aluminium oxide (Al2O3) Usually some heat is also required. Around 180oC CH3CH2CH2OH CH3CH=CH2+ H2O Al2O3 180°C

KNOWLEDGE CHECK Write an equation for the dehydration of ethanol to give ethene. Write an equation for the dehydration of cyclohexanol to give cyclohexene Predict the three possible isomers formed in the dehydration of butan-2-ol (Hint: E/Z isomers) State the necessary conditions for each reaction.

Alcohol Oxidation reactions Oxidising agents are used to oxidise alcohols In reactions the oxidising agent is given the symbol [O]. The most common oxidising agent is acidified potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7 and H2SO4) The oxidation also requires heat.

Alcohol Oxidation reactions Primary alcohol + [O]  Aldehyde + [O]  Carboxylic acid ORANGE GREEN GREEN Secondary alcohol + [O]  Ketone ORANGE GREEN Tertiary alcohol + [O]  NO REACTION ORANGE ORANGE

Aldehydes In aldehydes, the C=O group will appear at the end of the carbon chain. RCHO They have the suffix ‘-al’. No numbering is needed as it will always be on the first carbon atom.

Ketones In ketones, the C=O group will appear in the middle of the carbon chain. Ketones have the suffix ‘-one’ RCOR If there are 5 or more carbon atoms in the chain you will always have to say where the carbonyl group is in the chain.

Knowledge Check Complete the worksheet on the reactions of alcohols.