2.1 Normal Distributions AP Statistics

When asked to examine a set of univariate, quantitative data: make a graph Look at the overall pattern Use numbers to describe the center and spread When the data is “regular” enough, the overall pattern can be described by a curve, or mathematical model.

Because the shape of a histogram changes according to the size of the classes we choose, replacing it with a smooth curve eliminates the need for those choices. When the area under that curve is exactly one, the areas under the curve represent proportions of the total area. Any curve under which the area is exactly one is called a density curve.

Why is the total area under this curve equal to 1? Page 83 #2.2 Figure 2.7 displays the density curve of a uniform distribution. The curve takes the constant value 1 over the interval from 0 to 1 and is zero outside the range of values. This means that data described by this distribution take values that are uniformly spread between 0 and 1. Use areas under this density curve to answer the following questions: Why is the total area under this curve equal to 1? b) What percent of the observations lie above 0.8? c) What percent of the observations lie below 0.6? What percent of the observations lie between 0.25 and 0.75? e) What is the mean of this distribution?

Why is the total area under this curve equal to 1? Page 83 #2.2 Figure 2.7 displays the density curve of a uniform distribution. The curve takes the constant value 1 over the interval from 0 to 1 and is zero outside the range of values. This means that data described by this distribution take values that are uniformly spread between 0 and 1. Use areas under this density curve to answer the following questions: Why is the total area under this curve equal to 1? The area under the curve is a rectangle with height 1 and width 1. Thus the total area under the curve = 1 x 1 = 1 b) What percent of the observations lie above 0.8? 20% (The region is a rectangle with height 1 and base width 0.2; hence the area is 0.2) c) What percent of the observations lie below 0.6? What percent of the observations lie between 0.25 and 0.75? e) What is the mean of this distribution? Mean = ½ of 0.5, the “balance point” of the density curve. 60% 50%

Verify that the graph in Figure 2.8 is a valid density curve. Page 83-84 #2.3  A line segment can be considered a density “curve,” as shown in Exercise 2.2. A “broken line” graph can also be considered a density curve. Figure 2.8 shows such a density curve. Verify that the graph in Figure 2.8 is a valid density curve.   For each of the following, use areas under this density curve to find the proportions of observations within the given interval: 0.6 < X < 0.8 0 < X < 0.4 0 < X < 0.2 The median of this density curve is a point between X = 0.2 and X = 0.4. Explain why.

Page 83-84 #2.3  A line segment can be considered a density “curve,” as shown in Exercise 2.2. A “broken line” graph can also be considered a density curve. Figure 2.8 shows such a density curve. Verify that the graph in Figure 2.8 is a valid density curve.   For each of the following, use areas under this density curve to find the proportions of observations within the given interval: 0.6 < X < 0.8 0 < X < 0.4 0 < X < 0.2 The median of this density curve is a point between X = 0.2 and X = 0.4. Explain why. The median is the “equal-areas” point. By (d), the area between 0 and 0.2 is 0.35. The area between 0.4 and 0.8 is 0.4. Thus the “equal-areas” point must lie between 0.2 and 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.35

Page 113 #2.38 A certain density curve consists of a straight-line segment that begins at the origin, (0, 0), and has slope 1. (a) Sketch the density curve. What are the coordinates of the right endpoint of the segment? (Note: The right endpoint should be fixed so that the total area under the curve is 1. This is required for a valid density curve.) (b) Determine the median, the first quartile (Q1), and the third quartile (Q3). (c) Relative to the median, where would you expect the mean of the distribution? (d) What percent of the observations lie below 0.5? Above 1.5?

Page 113 #2.38 A certain density curve consists of a straight-line segment that begins at the origin, (0, 0), and has slope 1. (a) Sketch the density curve. What are the coordinates of the right endpoint of the segment? (Note: The right endpoint should be fixed so that the total area under the curve is 1. This is required for a valid density curve.) (b) Determine the median, the first quartile (Q1), and the third quartile (Q3). median = 1. Q1 = .707 Q3 = 1.225 (c) Relative to the median, where would you expect the mean of the distribution? The mean will lie to the left of the median because the density curve is skewed left. (d) What percent of the observations lie below 0.5? Above 1.5? 12.5% of the observations lie below 0.5. None (0%) of the observations lie above 1.5.

The most common density curve is the standard normal distribution model. Normal distributions are symmetric, bell-shaped curves. We describe the center and spread by using the mean and the standard deviation. Symbolically, we represent a distribution that is approximately normal using this symbol: N(µ, σ)

According to the Empirical Rule, in a normal distribution approximately 68% of the data will lie within one standard deviation of the mean, 95% of the data will lie within two standard deviations of the mean, and 99.7% of the data will lie within three standard deviations of the mean.

Calculate the percentages/areas between each set of bars.