In vivo gene transfer of pigment epithelium-derived factor inhibits tumor growth in syngeneic murine models of thoracic malignancies Ali Mahtabifard,

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In vivo gene transfer of pigment epithelium-derived factor inhibits tumor growth in syngeneic murine models of thoracic malignancies Ali Mahtabifard, MD, Robert E. Merritt, MD, Reiko E. Yamada, BA, Ronald G. Crystal, MD, Robert J. Korst, MD The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Volume 126, Issue 1, Pages 28-38 (July 2003) DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5223(02)73616-7

Figure 1 AdPEDF-induced expression of PEDF protein in vitro and in vivo. (A) In vitro A549 cells were transduced (MOI 104 particles/cell) with AdNull or AdPEDF. Sham transduced cells (PBS) served as further controls. After 48 hours of incubation, the media was collected and Western analysis performed for the presence of PEDF protein. Lane 1, 100 ng of PEDF protein (+ control, 46 kDa); lane 2, sham-transduced cells; lane 3, AdNull-transduced cells; and lane 4, AdPEDF-transduced cells. (B) In vivo established CT26 flank tumors were injected at day 7 with 5 × 1010 particles of AdNull or AdPEDF. Sham injected tumors (PBS) served as further controls. Three days following vector injection, flank tumors were excised, homogenized, pooled, concentrated, and Western blot analysis performed for the presence of PEDF protein. Lane 1, sham-injected tumors; lane 2, AdNull-injected tumors; lane 3, AdPEDF-injected tumors; lane 4, 100 ng of PEDF protein (+ control). The band at ∼60 kDa in lanes 1 to 3 is nonspecific. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2003 126, 28-38DOI: (10.1016/S0022-5223(02)73616-7)

Figure 2 Intratumoral administration of AdPEDF inhibits the growth of established murine tumors and prolongs mouse survival in vivo. Subcutaneous flank tumors (CT26, LLC, or KLN 205) were established in syngeneic mice, followed by intratumoral injection of either PBS, AdNull (5 × 1010 particles/100 μL PBS), or AdPEDF (5 × 1010 particles/100 μL PBS). Tumor size (area) was measured at 2- to 3-day intervals and survival was recorded. Animals were sacrificed when the largest tumor diameter reached 15 mm. (A, B) CT26 tumors in BALB/c mice (PBS group n = 8, AdNull and AdPEDF groups n = 7). (C, D) LLC tumors in C57BL/6 mice (all groups n = 6). (E, F) KLN205 tumors in DBA/2 mice (PBS and AdNull groups n = 4, AdPEDF group n = 5). For panels A, C, and E, the data are reported as mean ± SEM. Arrows indicate day of vector administration. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2003 126, 28-38DOI: (10.1016/S0022-5223(02)73616-7)

Figure 3 Pulmonary metastasis model. CT26.CL25 cells (3 × 105 in 100 μL PBS) were injected via the right internal jugular vein into BALB/c mice. At defined time points after tumor initiation, the lungs were harvested, weighed, and β-gal gene expression was quantified as described in Methods. β-gal expression in the lungs is reported as total activity in RLU normalized to total protein. The data represent mean ± standard error (all time points n = 5, except day 12 group n = 4 mice per group). (A) Left lung weight. (B) Right lung weight. (C) Left lung β-gal expression. (D) Right lung β-gal expression. *Undetectable level of β-gal expression. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2003 126, 28-38DOI: (10.1016/S0022-5223(02)73616-7)

Figure 4 Gross photographs demonstrating the effect of intrapleural AdPEDF administration on the growth of lung metastases. One day after intravenous administration of 3 × 105 CT26.CL25 tumor cells, 1010 particles of AdPEDF, AdNull, or PBS was injected into the right pleural space of BALB/c mice. Thirteen days after vector dosing, the heart-lung complex was harvested en bloc and stained as described in “Methods.” Metastatic lung nodules appear white on a background of black (from India ink infusion) normal parenchyma. (A) Control, naïve lung. (B) Intrapleural PBS. (C) Intrapleural AdNull. (D) Intrapleural AdPEDF. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2003 126, 28-38DOI: (10.1016/S0022-5223(02)73616-7)

Figure 5 Lung histology demonstrating the effect of intrapleural AdPEDF administration on the growth of lung metastases. The experiment is similar to that described in Figure 4. Thirteen days after vector injection, the lungs were harvested, fixed, cut, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. (A) Control, naïve lung. (B) Intrapleural PBS. (C) Intrapleural AdNull. (D) Intrapleural AdPEDF. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2003 126, 28-38DOI: (10.1016/S0022-5223(02)73616-7)

Figure 6 Intrapleural administration of AdPEDF suppresses the growth of pulmonary metastases. The experiment is similar to that described in Figure 4. Thirteen days after vector injection, lungs were harvested, separated, weighed, and β-gal expression was measured. β-gal activity in the lung was expressed as RLU normalized to total protein. The data represent mean ± standard error (naïve and PBS groups n = 6, AdNull and AdPEDF groups n = 5 mice per group). (A) Left lung weight. (B) Right lung weight. (C) Left lung β-gal expression. (D) Right lung β-gal expression. *Undetectable level of β-gal expression. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2003 126, 28-38DOI: (10.1016/S0022-5223(02)73616-7)

Figure 7 Intrapleural administration of AdPEDF prolongs survival in a pulmonary metastasis model. One day after intravenous administration of 3 × 105 CT26.CL25 tumor cells, 1010 particles of AdPEDF, AdNull, or PBS was injected into the pleural space of BALB/c mice, and the animals followed for survival, recorded as the percentage of live animals remaining in each group (n = 7 per group). The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2003 126, 28-38DOI: (10.1016/S0022-5223(02)73616-7)

Figure 8 Intratumoral administration of AdPEDF decreases microvessel density in established tumors. Established day 7 LLC flank tumors were injected with PBS, AdNull (5 × 1010 particles), or AdPEDF (5 × 1010 particles). Six days after vector administration, flank tumors were harvested, frozen, cut, and stained for CD34. (A) Intratumoral PBS (40×). (B) Intratumoral AdNull (40×). (C) Intratumoral AdPEDF (40×). (D) Quantification of vascular density per HPF (40×). Observers were blinded to the treatment groups and instructed to count the number of vessels stained per HPF × 6 fields. Data are represented as mean ± standard error. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2003 126, 28-38DOI: (10.1016/S0022-5223(02)73616-7)