Scientific Inquiry & Graphing * 07/16/96 Scientific Inquiry & Graphing Learning Targets: I CAN….. Explain what science is and is not List and explain the steps to the scientific method Differentiate between an observation and an inference Define a variable and compare and contrast between the different types Design a controlled experiment Create a graph and distinguish the 3 types of graphing relationships Day 1: Complete slides 1-13 using guided notes Learning Targets 1 Explain what science is and is not 2. List and explain the steps to the scientific method 3. Differentiate between an observation and an inference HW: Textbook Guide chap 1 11/21/2018 *

Intro video…What Is Science? – YouTube Organized way of using evidence to learn about the Natural World Science is NOT based on faith or religion. Goal of Science To understand the world around us To explain events by making predictions To investigate predictions 11/21/2018

Observation & Inference 11/21/2018

Observations- Gathering evidence Information gathered through your FIVE SENSES Smell, touch, see, taste, hear 1. Quantitative: Observation using numbers EX. 40 grams, 10 cm How many?; Weigh it; Measure it Can you make a quantitative observation in this classroom? 2. Qualitative: Observation that doesn’t involve numbers EX. The color or shape of an object. Can you make a qualitative observation in this classroom?

Inferences- Interpreting the Evidence INTERPRETATION based on observation and prior knowledge or experience Look at the pix and in your science journal make 3 observations, 3 inferences and 3 predictions

BELLWORK – 9/13 In your science journal: record today’s date, write and define the words below using the glossary of your textbook: I did the 1st one for you. Controlled experiment – an experiment in which only 1 variable is changed over time Controlled variable Independent variable Dependant variable

Video: How scientists work

Scientific Method: steps that a scientist take to solve a problem State the Problem/Ask a Question Form a Hypothesis Perform a Controlled Experiment Collect Data Analyze Results Draw a Conclusion & Retest Communicate the Results 11/21/2018

Using the scientific method to solve a problem…. * 07/16/96 Using the scientific method to solve a problem…. How Sharkskin Can Help Save Lives video clip How to make a friend: Big Bang Theory http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0xgjUhEG3U *

This is the question you want answered; also called the “purpose”. 1. State the Problem This is the question you want answered; also called the “purpose”. 2. Form a Hypothesis A suggested solution to the problem; it predicts an outcome Must be testable! Sometimes written as If…Then… statements Example: If soil temperatures rise, then plant growth will increase. Your hypothesis is an educated guess that can be revised 11/21/2018

3. Set up a Controlled Experiment Develop and follow a procedure that test your hypothesis Include a detailed materials list During an experiment you only want to change ONE factor at a time. To make an experiment more reliable/valid use: a LARGE sample size, have MULTIPLE trials and use a control 11/21/2018

LET’S SEE HOW IT WORKS! The Scenario A group of scientists would like to know the affects of ozone on plant life. They set up several “mini” ecosystems in separate domes to conduct their experiment. Each dome receives a different amount of ozone and one dome receives none.

Setting up a Controlled Experiment

TYPES OF VARIABLES Dependent Variable: Things that can be manipulated or changed by a scientist during experiment A controlled experiment tests ONE variable, while the others must stay the same Independent Variable: The factor being Manipulated or tested Example from video clip: Ozone gas is being tested Dependent Variable: The Responding Variable; what is observed The “things” the scientist is measuring Example from video clip: Plant height, leaf count, rate of photosynthesis

What makes it a controlled experiment? Controlled Variables: CONSTANTS Things that must be kept constant (same) during experiment If altered, can affect results and be used to show error in experiment. Examples from video clip: Sunlight, amount of water, type of soil, type of plant Control Group: Experimental setup that does NOT receive the variable that is being tested All other groups are compared with the results of this group to see if there is any change to the test subject Often called the “standard for comparison” Example from video clip: Dome without ozone gas NO ozone gas

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Bellwork: Time to think and apply… * 07/16/96 Bellwork: Time to think and apply… A) Which statement describes the best procedure to determine if a vaccine for a disease in a certain bird species is effective? (1) Vaccinate 100 birds and expose all 100 to the disease. (2) Vaccinate 100 birds and expose only 50 of them to the disease. (3) Vaccinate 50 birds, do not vaccinate 50 other birds, and expose all 100 to the disease. (4) Vaccinate 50 birds, do not vaccinate 50 other birds, and expose only the vaccinate birds to the disease Day 4: Quick review of yesterday’s lesson: Collecting Data Practice: Graphing Skills Lab 11/21/2018 *

B) An experiment was performed to determine the effect of different mineral salts on plant growth. Forty pots containing identical plants were divided into four equal groups and placed in a well-lighted greenhouse. Each pot contained an equal amount of non-mineral potting soil and one plant. Minerals were then added in equal amounts to each experimental group of pots as shown below: For the experiment to be valid, what should be added to the control group of pots? 1) water 3) potassium salts 2) nitrogen salts 4) potassium and phosphorus salts 11/21/2018

* 07/16/96 4. Collect Data This section includes all of the data and information collected. How do you present your data? Diagrams, tables, charts, graph Graphing: Placement of variables on the axis Independent Variable: goes on the X Axis (horizontal) Dependent Variable: goes on the Y- axis (vertical) Think: DRY MIX Day 4: Y X *

5. Analyze Results 6. Conclusion: * 07/16/96 5. Analyze Results After your data is organized you must be able to interpret the data Modify the procedure if needed. Confirm the results by repeating. 6. Conclusion: Was your hypothesis correct? Accept or Reject (refute) Make recommendations for further study and possible improvements to the procedure. Day 5: slides 28-33 Bringing it all together: Using the Experimental Matrix complete Redi’s experiment 11/21/2018 *

7. Communicate the Results: * 07/16/96 7. Communicate the Results: Can your experiment be retested and always get same results? Expect questions from the audience….Peer review V. Scientific Theory: A hypothesis that is so well supported by many different scientific investigations A well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations Remember: Theories can be revised. 11/21/2018 *

SUMMARY Controlled Experiment Control Group: compared to the experimental group does not get the treatment Experimental Group(s): group that is treated differently. Controlled variables: Things that are kept constant during an exp If altered it can show error Independent variable: Manipulated by the scientist goes on the X – Axis Dependent variable: Responding variable (tested against independent) goes on the Y – Axis Hypothesis: prediction that can be tested Must have two types of groups Used to test a Has 3 types of variables SUMMARY 11/21/2018

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Making a Graph From A Data Table * 07/16/96 Making a Graph From A Data Table Water Released and Absorbed by Tree Water released by leaves Absorbed by Roots (g/h) Released by Leaves (g/h) 20 Time 15 8 AM 1 2 10 AM 1 5 10 Relative Rates (g/h) Water absorbed by roots 12 PM 4 12 5 2 PM 6 17 Practice: Graphing Skills Lab 9 16 4 PM 6 PM 14 10 2 PM 10 AM 8 AM 12 PM 6 PM 4 PM 8 PM 8 PM 10 3 Time 11/21/2018 *