5-3 How Do Communities and Ecosystems Respond to Changing Environmental Conditions? Concept 5-3 The structure and species composition of communities and ecosystems change in response to changing environmental conditions through a process called ecological succession. 1

Communities and Ecosystems Change over Time: Ecological Succession Natural ecological restoration Primary succession Secondary succession 2

Some Ecosystems Start from Scratch: Primary Succession No soil in a terrestrial system No bottom sediment in an aquatic system Takes hundreds to thousands of years Need to build up soils/sediments to provide necessary nutrients 3

Primary Ecological Succession Figure 5.19: Primary ecological succession: Over almost a thousand years, these plant communities developed, starting on bare rock exposed by a retreating glacier on Isle Royal, Michigan (USA) in northern Lake Superior. The details of this process vary from one site to another. Question: What are two ways in which lichens, mosses, and plants might get started growing on bare rock? Fig. 5-19, p. 119 4

Balsam fir, paper birch, and white spruce forest community Figure 5.19: Primary ecological succession: Over almost a thousand years, these plant communities developed, starting on bare rock exposed by a retreating glacier on Isle Royal, Michigan (USA) in northern Lake Superior. The details of this process vary from one site to another. Question: What are two ways in which lichens, mosses, and plants might get started growing on bare rock? Balsam fir, paper birch, and white spruce forest community Jack pine, black spruce, and aspen Heath mat Small herbs and shrubs Lichens and mosses Exposed rocks Time Fig. 5-19, p. 119

paper birch, and white spruce forest community Jack pine, Balsam fir, paper birch, and white spruce forest community Jack pine, black spruce, and aspen Heath mat Small herbs and shrubs Lichens and mosses Exposed rocks Time Stepped Art Fig. 5-19, p. 119

Some Ecosystems Do Not Have to Start from Scratch: Secondary Succession (1) Some soil remains in a terrestrial system Some bottom sediment remains in an aquatic system Ecosystem has been Disturbed Removed Destroyed 7

Natural Ecological Restoration of Disturbed Land Figure 5.20: Natural ecological restoration of disturbed land: This diagram shows the undisturbed secondary ecological succession of plant communities on an abandoned farm field in the U.S. state of North Carolina. It took 150–200 years after the farmland was abandoned for the area to become covered with a mature oak and hickory forest. A new disturbance such as deforestation or fire would create conditions favoring pioneer species such as annual weeds. In the absence of new disturbances, secondary succession would recur over time, but not necessarily in the same sequence shown here. See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW. Questions: Do you think the annual weeds (left) would continue to thrive in the mature forest (right)? Why or why not? Fig. 5-20, p. 120 8

Mature oak and hickory forest Figure 5.20: Natural ecological restoration of disturbed land: This diagram shows the undisturbed secondary ecological succession of plant communities on an abandoned farm field in the U.S. state of North Carolina. It took 150–200 years after the farmland was abandoned for the area to become covered with a mature oak and hickory forest. A new disturbance such as deforestation or fire would create conditions favoring pioneer species such as annual weeds. In the absence of new disturbances, secondary succession would recur over time, but not necessarily in the same sequence shown here. See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW. Questions: Do you think the annual weeds (left) would continue to thrive in the mature forest (right)? Why or why not? Mature oak and hickory forest Young pine forest with developing understory of oak and hickory trees Shrubs and small pine seedlings Perennial weeds and grasses Annual weeds Time Fig. 5-20, p. 120

Mature oak and hickory forest Young pine forest with developing understory of oak and hickory trees Shrubs and small pine seedlings Perennial weeds and grasses Annual weeds Time Stepped Art Fig. 5-20, p. 120

Secondary Ecological Succession in Yellowstone Following the 1998 Fire Figure 5.21: These young lodgepole pines growing around standing dead trees after a 1998 forest fire in Yellowstone National Park are an example of secondary ecological succession. Fig. 5-21, p. 120

Some Ecosystems Do Not Have to Start from Scratch: Secondary Succession (2) Primary and secondary succession Tend to increase biodiversity Increase species richness and interactions among species Primary and secondary succession can be interrupted by Fires Hurricanes Clear-cutting of forests Plowing of grasslands Invasion by nonnative species 12

Science Focus: How Do Species Replace One Another in Ecological Succession? Facilitation Inhibition Tolerance 13

Succession Doesn’t Follow a Predictable Path Traditional view Balance of nature and a climax community Current view Ever-changing mosaic of patches of vegetation Mature late-successional ecosystems State of continual disturbance and change 14

Living Systems Are Sustained through Constant Change Inertia, persistence Ability of a living system to survive moderate disturbances Resilience Ability of a living system to be restored through secondary succession after a moderate disturbance Some systems have one property, but not the other: tropical rainforests 15

Three Big Ideas Certain interactions among species affect their use of resources and their population sizes. There are always limits to population growth in nature. Changes in environmental conditions cause communities and ecosystems to gradually alter their species composition and population sizes (ecological succession).