Technological innovation in cardiothoracic surgery: A pragmatist's approach  Pedro J. del Nido, MD  The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 

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Technological innovation in cardiothoracic surgery: A pragmatist's approach  Pedro J. del Nido, MD  The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  Volume 150, Issue 4, Pages 755-761 (October 2015) DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.07.066 Copyright © 2015 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Pioneers in cardiovascular surgery device development. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2015 150, 755-761DOI: (10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.07.066) Copyright © 2015 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Medical devices that had a major impact in cardiovascular surgery. From left to bottom right: pacemaker, centrifugal pump, bioprosthetic valves, continuous-flow turbine pumps, roller pump, mechanical valves, and total artificial heart. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2015 150, 755-761DOI: (10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.07.066) Copyright © 2015 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Trends in cardiovascular procedures, United States: 1979 to 2010. From Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Blaha MJ, et al. Circulation. 2014;129:e28-e292; page e278. CABG, Coronary artery bypass grafting; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2015 150, 755-761DOI: (10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.07.066) Copyright © 2015 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 The process of developing novel therapies in health care. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2015 150, 755-761DOI: (10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.07.066) Copyright © 2015 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

The process of developing novel therapies in health care. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2015 150, 755-761DOI: (10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.07.066) Copyright © 2015 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions