Cyclic Alopecia and Abnormal Epidermal Cornification in Zdhhc13-Deficient Mice Reveal the Importance of Palmitoylation in Hair and Skin Differentiation

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Cyclic Alopecia and Abnormal Epidermal Cornification in Zdhhc13-Deficient Mice Reveal the Importance of Palmitoylation in Hair and Skin Differentiation Kai-Ming Liu, Yi-Ju Chen, Li-Fen Shen, Amir N.S. Haddad, I-Wen Song, Li-Ying Chen, Yu-Ju Chen, Jer-Yuarn Wu, Jeffrey J.Y. Yen, Yuan-Tsong Chen Journal of Investigative Dermatology Volume 135, Issue 11, Pages 2603-2610 (November 2015) DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.240 Copyright © 2015 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Hair abnormalities in Zdhhc13skc4 mice. (a) Body hair appearance in the same homozygous affected mouse every 4 days from postnatal day 7 (PND7) to PND67. (b) Hair shaft cuticle structure was examined by scanning electron microscopy in wild-type (WT; +/+), heterozygous (+/-), and homozygous affected (-/-) mice. Hairs were taken from the lower back at 23 days of age. Bar=10 μm. (c) Hair-pull test: adhesive tape was applied from head to buttock. (d) Quantification of separated hair. Means±SD are shown. n=3 in each group. P, postnatal day. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2015 135, 2603-2610DOI: (10.1038/jid.2015.240) Copyright © 2015 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Skin abnormalities in Zdhhc13skc4 mice. (a) Keratin expression in the skin of Zdhhc13skc4 mice. Keratins 6, 10, and 14 were expressed in all layers of the epidermis in homozygous affected mice (-/-) at 4 weeks of age including the cornified layer (arrows); wild type (WT; +/+). Bar=40 μm (keratins 6 and 10), 10 μm (keratin 14). (b) Skin permeability in newborn mice as shown by toluidine blue staining. (c) Representative micrographs of cornified envelops (CEs) of mice at PND0 sonicated (1–7 seconds) and examined by a phase microscopy. Bar=200 μm. (d) The percentage of intact CEs in different sonication time groups (1–7 seconds) relative to the untreated group (0 seconds). Means±SD are shown; P-value, *<0.01, **<0.001, and ***<0.0001 (d). BF, bright field. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2015 135, 2603-2610DOI: (10.1038/jid.2015.240) Copyright © 2015 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Expression of cornifelin in the skin and hair of Zdhhc13skc4 mice. (a) Expression of cornifelin in the epidermis and hair follicle (cross section) of wild-type (WT; +/+) and homozygous affected (-/-) mice at 4 weeks of age. IHC, Bar=50 μm. (b) Cornifelin (green), keratin 72 (red), keratin 82 (red), and DAPI (blue) in the hair follicle (vertical section) of a WT mouse at 4 weeks of age. The right panels are the enlarged image from the boxed area on the left panels. Bar=10 μm. (c) Immunoblotting of cornifelin and actin in the skins of mice at 4 weeks of age. (d) Gene expression of Zdhhc13 and cnfn was assessed by qPCR in the skins of mice at 4 weeks of age. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2015 135, 2603-2610DOI: (10.1038/jid.2015.240) Copyright © 2015 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Analysis of palmitoylation specificity of DHHC13 for cornifelin. HEK293T cells were co-transfected with cornifelin-myc and Flag vector (group 1), wid type (WT; group 2), or the mutant DHHC13-Flag (group 3) for 24 hours. (a) Expression of cornifelin and DHHC13 (WT and mutant) in each co-transfection group. (b) Palmitoylation of cornifelin. The co-overexpression groups were immunoprecipitated with myc antibody and followed by the acyl-biotinyl exchange (ABE) assay. During ABE, each co-transfected group was divided into –HA (hydroxylamine; negative control) and +HA (treat with and without HA) subgroups. The amount and biotinylation levels of purified cornifelin in each group were detected with anti-myc antibody and streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase, respectively. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2015 135, 2603-2610DOI: (10.1038/jid.2015.240) Copyright © 2015 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 RNA and protein expression. (a) Immunoblot analysis of each cornifelin mutant. The cornifelin-myc constructions included single-site mutants (C58S, C59S, C60S, C95S, and C101S), four-site mutants (C59-60-95-101S, C58-60-95-101S, C58-59-95-101S, C58-59-60-101S, and C58-59-60-95S), and a five-site mutant (5 sites M). XB2 cells were co-transfected with equal amounts of plasmid DNA encoding cornifelin-myc and GFP (as a control for transfection efficiency). Actin was used as a loading control. (b) Cornifelin expression was quantified and normalized to GFP. The percent normalized RNA or protein for each mutation is expressed relative to wild type (WT). n=3 in each group. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2015 135, 2603-2610DOI: (10.1038/jid.2015.240) Copyright © 2015 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions