Protestant Reformation Why was the Church coming under criticism (weakening) during the high Middle Ages/Renaissance? Crusades Bubonic Plague Humanism & the Scientific Revolution Rise of Strong Government (Decline of feudalism)

The Protestant Reformation What is the difference between revolution and reformation?

How has Christianity been divided up until this era?

Martin Luther Law school Enters monastery (search of salvation) Struck by lightening Enters monastery (search of salvation) Church’s methods for overcoming sin did not relieve feeling of damnation Studies Bible Revelation: ceremonies/deeds mean nothing – what matters most = INNER faith IN GOD

Rebuilding of St. Peter’s Basilica (Rome) Tetzal (monk) assigned to raise funds He sells “indulgences” – pardon from punishment and sin (in order to raise money)

“Every time a coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs

What is wrong with the sale of indulgences? Not in the bible People not repentent Only rich will obtain salvation!

(1517) Luther posts “95 Theses” on church door (Wittenberg, Germany) Sale of indulgences declines, news spreads across Europe (Gutenberg)

Consequences: Pope declares Luther a heretic (1521) Summoned to Imperial Diet (meeting w/ruler of Empire – City of Worms) Luther refuses to renounce ideas excommunicated! Sale/printing of his works prohibited Translates Bible - German (why?)

Why didn’t Luther encounter fierce opposition within Germany? Lack of strong central government (control) Resentment of Church taxes /land Princes wanted independence from Holy Roman Emperor Peace of Augsburg: each German ruler had right to choose the religion for his state

Do Now: Why did Martin Luther separate from the Roman Catholic Church? What were Martin Luther’s religious ideas?

John Calvin Priest/lawyer Flees France (Catholic persecution) Founds a Protestant Church in Switzerland (1536) Publishes religious beliefs ~ “Institutes of the Christian Religion”

Calvinist Beliefs: Theocracy: church and state ruled by same people Strict code of conduct live simply & work hard; spiritual life Predestination: God alone, decided at the beginning of time who would go to heaven Why should people lead a good life if God already determined their fate? The Protestant Work Ethic: success and hard work show that you are predestined! The “predestined,” (the “elect”), form a community expected to live up to their position by having high moral standards ~ Strict Morality Appealed to middle class

The Anglican Church The Protestant Church of England King Henry VIII (1491-1547)

Spread of Protestantism CHRISTIANITY Roman Catholic Eastern Orthodox Protestantism Lutheran Anglican Calvinism Hundreds of SECTS arise across Europe ~ based on their interpretation of the Bible!

Do Now: If you were Pope Paul III during the 1500’s, how would you respond to the Protestant Reformation?

TURNITIN.COM Maddy Robert Teddy Austin Olivia Alex Lauren Jenni Global I: Period 8 1. Reformation Quiz – tomorrow 2. Ren/Ref Test Tuesday TURNITIN.COM Maddy Robert Teddy Austin Olivia Alex Lauren Jenni

Catholic (Counter) Reformation: A Reaction to the Protestants A movement to reform the Catholic Church and fight Protestants (1500’s) AGENDA: Revive moral authority of church; get rid of corruption Council of Trent: meeting of church officials to reaffirm beliefs (doctrine)

What traditional beliefs did they have to reaffirm? Salvation comes from faith & good works Bible is not only source of religious truths God grants forgiveness through church (not merit) Need for ceremonies (God deserves such worship!)

Church Reform Reformed finances Banned sale of indulgences Educated/Training of Clergy - Penalties The Inquisition: Church Court (setup during MA) to stamp out corruption Searched for heretical behavior Secret testimony, torture, execution The Index: published list of forbidden books Expulsion Jews/Muslims

ST. TERESA OF AVILA ST. IGNATIUS OF LOYOLA