GDF5 reduces MMP13 expression in human chondrocytes via DKK1 mediated canonical Wnt signaling inhibition L. Enochson, J. Stenberg, M. Brittberg, A. Lindahl

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GDF5 reduces MMP13 expression in human chondrocytes via DKK1 mediated canonical Wnt signaling inhibition L. Enochson, J. Stenberg, M. Brittberg, A. Lindahl Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Volume 22, Issue 4, Pages 566-577 (April 2014) DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.02.004 Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Expression of active MMP13 protein was reduced by the chondrocytes when stimulated with 200 ng/ml GDF5 (n = 3, three pooled replicates). Results analyzed with ANOVA. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 566-577DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.02.004) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Representative images of the histological pellet sections. Alcian Blue van Gieson staining showing increased proteoglycan expression with increased GDF5 concentration from 0 ng/ml (left) to 200 ng/ml (right), scale bar 200 μm (n = 5). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 566-577DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.02.004) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Relative gene expression levels in non-stimulated pellets (n = 3, mean from three replicates each) and pellets (n = 3, mean from three replicates each) stimulated with 200 ng/ml GDF5 compared with expression levels in normal (N) (n = 6, no replicates) and OA (n = 5, no replicates) cartilage biopsies of selected markers A) GDF5, B) SOX9, C) ACAN, D) COL2A1 and E) MMP13. Results analyzed with ANOVA, horizontal lines show mean. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 566-577DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.02.004) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Stimulating the pellets with 200 ng/ml GDF5 resulted in increased protein expression of A) DKK1 and reduced amounts of B) total β-catenin protein in the cells, indicating inhibited canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Reduced gene expressions of canonical Wnt downstream genes C) FOSL1 and D) PPARD confirmed the inhibition of the canonical Wnt pathway (n = 3). Results analyzed with ANOVA, horizontal lines show mean. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 566-577DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.02.004) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Activating the canonical Wnt pathway by blocking GSK3β with the small molecule CHIR-99021 resulted in increased matrix degradation patterns in the cells with increased A) MMP13 and B) ADAMTS4 expressions, with unaffected C) TIMP1 expression and decreased D) TIMP3, E) ACAN and F) SOX9 expressions. Results analyzed with ANOVA, horizontal lines show mean (n = 3, three replicates). G) CHIR-99021 stimulation indicated increased active MMP13 protein expression in the cells (n = 3, three pooled replicates). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 566-577DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.02.004) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Activating the canonical Wnt pathway with 50 ng/ml recombinant Wnt3a resulted in increased MMP13 gene expression by the cells. This expression was counteracted by 200 ng/ml GDF5 stimulation (n = 3, three replicates). Results analyzed with ANOVA, horizontal lines show mean. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 566-577DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.02.004) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 7 A) Blocking DKK1 with the DKK1 inhibitor small molecule WAY-262611 restored the GDF5 reduced MMP13 gene expression (n = 2, three replicates). Results analyzed with ANOVA, horizontal lines show mean. The response surfaces supported the linear results, with B) decreased MMP13 gene expression with increased GDF5, and a counteracting effect by the DKK1 inhibitor. C) Analyzing the ACAN gene expression in the same system showed the opposite effects. Relative gene expression shown in white boxes in the graphs (n = 1, two replicates), data analyzed with MLR using least square methodology in computer software Modde 8.0. pmodelMMP13 = 0.001, pmodelACAN = 0.002. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 566-577DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.02.004) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions