Biology B-Day 4/11/18 Bellringer What is natural selection? Does natural selection act on the phenotype or genotype? Agenda Bellringer Finish Breeding Bunnies Amoeba Sisters video Notes

Biology B-Day4/11/18 Bellringer What is natural selection? Process by which species adapt to their environment to survive Does natural selection act on the phenotype or genotype? phenotype Agenda Bellringer Finish Breeding Bunnies Amoeba Sisters video Notes

Spontaneous Generation: Living organisms develop from nonliving matter. Redi (1668): “Do maggots on meat occur due to spontaneous generation?”

Needham (1765): “I boiled chicken broth to kill everything in it, then sealed it… and microorganisms grew in the broth… this proved spontaneous generation!” What did I maybe do wrong?

Spallanzani (1767): “Needham is wrong! Here’s my experiment that shows Needham’s experiment did NOT show spontaneous generation!”

Pasteur (1859): Laid spontaneous generation hypothesis to rest!

Many definitions of evolution include these two phrases: “Descent with modification.” “Change over time.” What do you think these mean? http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_15 Which phrase do you think scientists prefer?

Natural selection is the process by which species adapt to their environment. Natural selection leads to evolutionary change when individuals with certain characteristics have a greater survival or reproductive rate than other individuals in a population and pass on these inheritable genetic characteristics to their offspring. Simply put, natural selection is a consistent difference in survival and reproduction between different genotypes, or even different genes, in what we could call reproductive success. The reason that natural selection is important is that it’s the central idea, stemming from Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, that explains design in nature. It is the one process that is responsible for the evolution of adaptations of organisms to their environment. After reading this, what is the difference between “survival of the fittest” and “natural selection”?

A Few Principles Revisited: A. Artificial Selection: Selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms.

How different from NATURAL selection?

HMS Beagle (1831-36) http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/science-of-natural-history/expeditions-collecting/beagle-voyage/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zKt32xxDPJw

"In October 1838, that is, fifteen months after I had begun my systematic inquiry, I happened to read for amusement Malthus on Population, and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on from long- continued observation of the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck me that under these circumstances favourable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavourable ones to be destroyed. The results of this would be the formation of a new species. Here, then I had at last got a theory by which to work". Charles Darwin, from his autobiography. (1876) 7 billion

Charles Lyell (1830)

Charles Darwin

Darwin vs. Lamarck

James Hutton - Gradualism John Baptiste Lamarck – Inheritance of acquired Characteristics and Law of Use and Disuse Alfred Russel Wallace – organisms evolved from common ancestors

Mating Rituals: Top 10 Bizarre The Greatest Migration! Why do animals migrate? Mating Rituals: Top 10 Bizarre Bird of paradise mating dance Manakin mating dance

SPECIES = A group of similar offspring that can breed and produce fertile offspring.