PROs and CONs of reproduction Thursday, March 23 Copy down this chart into your notes: PROs and CONs of reproduction Sexual Asexual Pro: Gives offspring different Pro: Does not need a mate. traits which will allow Is Faster survival Con: Need a mate and takes Con: All the traits are the same a long time which means they may not all survive if one is affected

Get out your notebooks. Make sure your pencil is sharp Get out your notebooks. Make sure your pencil is sharp. Be ready when the bell rings.

March 20 Adaptations

Sexual Dimorphism Differences in the male and female organism of a species so they can improve their chances of reproducing with the strongest partner. Di=two Morph=to change The two genders changed to adapt to their situations in their environments How does this help them pass on their genes better?

Examples of Sexual Dimorphism:

Examples of Sexual Dimorphism: Bird of Paradise Superb Lyre Bird Blue Manikin Dancing Bird Buffalo Rock, Paper, Scissors Lizard Jumping Bird Crocodile Peacock Spider Whales

Have you ever wondered how animals are able to survive in the wild? Animals have certain adaptations that help them to survive.

Think about the way you dress in the winter. You wear warm clothes, and maybe even a hat and mittens to protect yourself from the weather. You are adapting to your environment by putting on warmer clothes.

And what if you are having a snowball fight? You probably run away from the person throwing at you, and maybe even try to sneak up on that person and throw some snowballs! When you run away from danger, you are adapting to your environment to save yourself.

What is an adaptation? a change in an animal’s physical structure or behavior that helps an animal to survive in their habitat. Examples: The shape of a bird’s beak, number of fingers and toes, or the color of an animal’s fur.

Physical Behavioral We can separate adaptations into two categories: How it acts or what it does Body shape, looks Instinctive Learned

Physical adaptations help an animal survive in its environment. are body structures that help an animal to find and consume food, defend itself, and to reproduce its species. Hey! I’m a walking stick. I look just like a stick you’d find on the ground. Physical adaptations help an animal survive in its environment.

Camouflage (blending in with surroundings) Physical adaptations Camouflage (blending in with surroundings) The chameleon can change its color to match its surroundings. Can you do that?

(looking or sounding like another living organism) Physical adaptations Mimicry (looking or sounding like another living organism) The Viceroy butterfly uses mimicry to look like the Monarch butterfly. Can you tell them apart? I’m the Viceroy! Not poisonous Poisonous I’m the Monarch!

Chemical defenses (like venom, ink, sprays) Physical adaptations Chemical defenses (like venom, ink, sprays)

(claws, beaks, feet, armor plates, skulls, teeth) Physical adaptations Body coverings & parts (claws, beaks, feet, armor plates, skulls, teeth) The elephant’s trunk is a physical adaptation that helps it to clean itself, eat, drink, and to pick things up.

Physical Adaptation: Flying Birds have adapted hollow bones to help them be lighter in weight so they can fly.

Behavioral Adaptations… Now let’s learn about Behavioral Adaptations… Behavioral Adaptations are changes in how an animal acts to survive and reproduce.

Instinctive or Inherited We can divide Behavioral Adaptations into two groups: Learned or Acquired Instinctive or Inherited These behaviors happen naturally & don’t have to be learned. These behaviors must be taught.

Instinctive behaviors happen naturally & don’t need to be learned Methods of gathering and storing food Defending against predators Finding shelter Raising young Hibernating Migration

Hibernation This is deep sleep in which animal’s body temp drops, body activities are slowed to conserve energy. E.g. Bats, woodchucks & bears. Hibernation- is a deep sleep in which an animal's body temperature drops to about the temperature of the environment.  Body activities, such as heartbeat and breathing are slowed causing the animal to need very little food.  Animals that hibernate are  bats  woodchucks snakes  bears. During the hibernation the animals live off of the fat that is stored in their body. 

Migration Animals migrate for different reasons. better climate better food safe place to live safe place to raise young go back to the place they were born. This is when behavioral adaptation that involves an animal or group of animals moving from one region to another and then back again.  Migration-is the behavioral adaptation that involves an animal or group of animals moving from one region to another and then back again.  Animals migrate for different reasons.  The reasons are as follows. better climate better food safe place to live safe place to raise young go back to the place they were born.

Have to be taught, not passed down to the offspring in genes. Learned behaviors =

Grooming Learned Behaviors Using tools to get food

Seagulls Learned to drop the clams on the pavement to break open the shells easier…

In your notes, list some examples

Mammals Endothermic or warm-blooded All have some type of “hair” Which adaptation is physical? Behavioral? Endothermic or warm-blooded All have some type of “hair” Some are very specialized, such as white polar bear fur Method of locomotion Care for young

Birds Leg Length Foot Webbing Beak Shape Which adaptation is physical? Behavioral? Leg Length Roseate Spoonbill (top right) Foot Webbing Laughing Gull (top left) Beak Shape Long Billed Curlew (bottom) Hiding eggs in the sand Distracting predators

Amphibians Ectothermic Lay eggs in water Which adaptation is physical? Behavioral? Ectothermic Lay eggs in water Partially or fully webbed feet Have lungs or can absorb oxygen through their skin

Reptiles Ectothermic or cold- blooded Scales Which adaptation is physical? Behavioral? Ectothermic or cold- blooded Scales Some undergo hibernation and estivation Lay eggs on land Leg structure and position

Adaptation Applications: Lions Why are the eyes of a lion set in front of the head rather than on the sides? Answer: Eyes in front of the head allow for depth perception and ability to judge distances when hunting.

Adaptation Applications: Lions What is the purpose of the mane on a male lion? What is the reason for the lion’s color? A thick mane helps the male to appear larger and serves as protection for the throat. The tawny brown coat color camouflages the animal and young among vegetation.

Adaptation Applications: Giraffe Why are giraffes able to go for long periods of time without water? Answer: Giraffes drink water when available, but can go weeks without it. They rely on morning dew and the water content of their food.

Adaptation Applications: Giraffe How are their long necks adapted to their lifestyle? Answer: This extra length is thought to have evolved to help the giraffe spot predators and other giraffes in the distance. Interestingly, giraffes and humans have the same number of vertebrate in their necks.

Adaptation Applications: Zebras How do zebras defend themselves? Capable of running up to 40 mph. Zebras defend themselves by kicking and biting. Coloration also plays a role in evading predators, although theories have not reached an agreement.

Behavioral Adaptations are animals’ actions. Behavioral Adaptations can be Instinctive or Learned.

The next time you read about an animal in the wild, or when you see one on television, think about its adaptations…. The End