William Stallings Data and Computer Communications Excerpts from Chapter 3, 4 and 6 Data Transmission Basics

Data Transmission Converting into Electromagnetic (EM) signals Transmitting those signals through medium Medium Guided medium e.g. twisted pair, optical fiber Unguided medium e.g. air, water, vacuum

Spectrum & Bandwidth Spectrum bandwidth range of frequencies contained in signal bandwidth width of spectrum

Data Rate and Bandwidth A perfect square wave has inifinite bandwidth Fourier analysis cannot be transmitted over a medium due to medium restrictions more bandwidth less distortions expensive less bandwidth more distortions ==> more errors cheap Higher bandwidth = higher data rate

Transmission Media Guided Unguided Twisted pair Coaxial cable Optical fibers Unguided radio microwave infrared

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Magnetic Media Can give good data rate Sometimes the best way :) especially for large volume of data transfer

Twisted Pair

Twisted Pair - Applications Most common medium Telephone network Between house and local exchange (subscriber loop) Within buildings To private branch exchange (PBX) For local area networks (LAN) 10Mbps or 100Mbps

Twisted Pair - Pros and Cons Cheap Easy to work with Low data rate Short range

Twisted Pair - Transmission Characteristics Analog Amplifiers every 5km to 6km Digital Use either analog or digital signals repeater every 2km or 3km

Unshielded and Shielded TP Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Ordinary telephone wire Cheapest Easiest to install Suffers from external EM interference Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Metal braid or sheathing that reduces interference More expensive Harder to handle (thick, heavy) IBM invention

UTP Categories Cat 3 Cat 5 up to 16MHz Voice grade found in most offices Twist length of 7.5 cm to 10 cm Cat 5 data grade up to 100MHz Commonly pre-installed in new office buildings Twist length 0.6 cm to 0.85 cm

Coaxial Cable

Coaxial Cable Applications Most versatile medium Television distribution Ariel to TV Cable TV Long distance telephone transmission Can carry 10,000 voice calls simultaneously Being replaced by fiber optic Cable Internet Local area networks

Coaxial Cable - Transmission Characteristics Less susceptible to interference Periodic amplifiers/repeaters are needed

Optical Fiber Core: thin fiber (8 - 100 micrometers), plastic or glass Cladding: Glass or plastic coating of fiber. Specially designed. Interface is a reflector. Jacket: plastic layer to protect against environmental dangers

Optical Fiber - Benefits Greater capacity Data rates of hundreds of Gbps Smaller size & weight Lower attenuation Electromagnetic isolation no interference no crosstalk more secure Greater repeater spacing 10s of km at least

Optical Fiber - Applications Long-haul trunks Metropolitan trunks Rural exchange trunks Subscriber loops LANs

Wireless Transmission Unguided media Transmission and reception via antenna Directional Focused beam Careful alignment required Omnidirectional Signal spreads in all directions Can be received by many antennae

Frequencies 1GHz to 40GHz 30MHz to 1GHz referred as microwave frequencies Highly directional Point to point Satellite 30MHz to 1GHz Omnidirectional Broadcast radio

Terrestrial Microwave Typical antenna is a parabolic dish Focused beam Line of sight transmission Long haul telecommunications voice and video (TV) what are the advantages/disadvantages of using microwave by a long-distance telephone company? no right-of-way needed needs periodic towers sensitive to atmospheric conditions – e.g. multipath fading alternative: fiber optic – needs right-of-way

Satellite Microwave Satellite is relay station Satellite receives on one frequency, amplifies or repeats signal and transmits on another frequency transponder = frequency channel may also broadcast TV Requires geo-stationary orbit Television Long distance telephone Private business networks

Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission Problem: SYNCHRONIZATION Sender and receiver must cooperate must know when to start and stop sampling must know the rate of data Two solutions Asynchronous Synchronous

Asynchronous Transmission No long bit streams Data transmitted one character at a time generally7- 8 bits per character Prior communication, both parties must agree on the data rate agree on the character length in bits

Asynchronous Transmission

Asynchronous Transmission - Behavior In idle state, receiver looks for 1 to 0 transition Then samples next “character length” intervals Then looks for next 1 to 0 for next char Stop bit is used to make sure a 1 to 0 transition for the next character Overhead is 2 or 3 bits per char (start, stop and/or parity bits)

Synchronous Transmission Block of data transmitted without start or stop bits No overhead (except error detection/correction codes) Common clock generally sender-generated data is sampled once per clock cycle clock starts ==> data starts clock stops ==> data stops no further synchronization needed for short distance and point to point communication

Synchronous Transmission Synchronous communication concept in Computer Networking is different Need to indicate start and end of block Use preamble and postamble flags More efficient (lower overhead) than async