Chapter 7 Photosynthesis CO 7 Chapter 7 Photosynthesis CO 7

What is a plant anyway?7.1 Photosynthetic Organisms A. Photosynthesis transforms solar energy B. Organic molecules built by photosynthesis provide both the building blocks and energy for cells. Figure 7.1a

C. Plants use the raw materials: carbon dioxide and water Figure 7.1b C. Plants use the raw materials: carbon dioxide and water D. Chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis Figure 7.1b

Figure 7.1c E. Chlorophylls and other pigments involved in absorption of solar energy reside within thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts Figure 7.1c

Figure 7.2 Figure 7.2

Quick Check - FIVE OR FEWER 1.  Plant 2.  Thylakoid 3.  Photosynthesis 4.  Organic Molecules

7. 2 Plants as Solar Energy Converters A 7.2 Plants as Solar Energy Converters A. Solar Radiation - Only 42% of solar radiation that hits the earth’s atmosphere reaches surface; most is visible light.

B. Photosynthetic Pigments - Pigments found in chlorophyll absorb various portions of visible light; absorption spectrum. 1. Two major photosynthetic pigments are chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. 2. Both chlorophylls absorb violet, blue, and red wavelengths best. 3.  Most green is reflected back; this is why leaves appear green.

4. Carotenoids are yellow-orange pigments which absorb light in violet, blue, and green regions. 5. When chlorophyll breaks down in fall, the yellow-orange pigments in leaves show through. Figure 7.3a

Fall Foliage Slideshow

C. Absorption and action spectrum - A spectrophotometer measures the amount of light that passes through a sample of pigments. 1) As different wavelengths are passed through, some are absorbed. 2) Graph of percent of light absorbed at each wavelength is absorption spectrum .

3) Photosynthesis produces oxygen; production of oxygen is used to measure the rate of photosynthesis. 4) Oxygen production and, therefore, photosynthetic activity is measured for plants under each specific wavelength; plotted on a graph, this produces an action spectrum. 5) Since the action spectrum resembles absorption spectrum, this indicates that chlorophylls contribute to photosynthesis.

Figure 7.3b

D. Photosynthetic Reaction 1. In 1930 C. B. van Niel showed that O2 given off by photosynthesis comes from water and not from CO2. 2. The net equation reads: Pg 119a

E. Two Sets of Reactions in Photosynthesis 1 E. Two Sets of Reactions in Photosynthesis 1. Light reactions cannot take place unless light is present. They are the energy-capturing reactions. Pg 119b

b. Chlorophyl within thylakoid membranes absorbs solar energy and energizes electrons. c. Energized electrons move down the electron transport system; energy is captures and used for ATP production. d. Energized electrons are also taken up by NADP+, becoming NADPH.

2. Calvin Cycle Reactions a. These reactions take place in the stroma; can occur in either the light or the dark. b. These are synthesis reactions that use NADPH and ATP to reduce CO2. -- and make a carbohydrate, sugar Figure 7.4

What you should know by now.. 1.  The equation for photosynthesis.  Write it! 2.  The structure of a chloroplast.  Sketch it! 3.  Compare Absorption Spectrum to Action Spectrum.  Color it! 4.  Compare the two stages of photosynthesis and their products.  Chart it! **Things are about to get much more difficult**

7.3 The Light Reactions 1.  Two paths operate within the thylakoid membrane                          noncyclic              and                cyclic                           *straight line                       *in a circle 2.  Both paths use ATP, but the noncyclic also produces NADPH 3.  PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION = ATP production         also called CHEMIOSMOSIS

1. Light hits photosystem II and exites an electron, H20 2.  The primary electron acceptor passes the electron down the ETC and generates ATP 3. Light is required for PSI, but not water, it generates NADPH

Something trivial.... Photosystem I and Photosystem II are named based on when they were discovered, PSI was established first.

Figure 7.5 Figure 7.5

Indicate which system (PS1 or PS2 or BOTH) ____1.  Splits water ____2.  Produces NADPH ____3.  Has an electron transport chain ____4.  Requires light ____5.  Utilizes a primary electron acceptor ____6.  Occurs in the thylakoid ____7.  Requires the input of H20 ____8.  The cyclic path ____9.  Uses chlorophyll ____10.  Releases oxygen

Are you still confused?    This is pretty hard to visualize, but through the magic of technology, we can watch these processes as animations McGraw Hill Animation Forest Biology - The Light Reactions

D. ATP Production --> CHEMIOSMOSIS When H20 is split, two H+ remain 7.3   Light Reactions        A.  Two Pathways    B.  Noncyclic    C.  Cyclic    D.   ATP Production  -->  CHEMIOSMOSIS            When H20 is split, two H+ remain            These H+ are pumped from the stroma into the thylakoid             This creates a gradient used to produce ATP from ADP ATP is the whole point of Photosystem II and will be used to power the Light Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

Figure 7.7 Figure 7.7

Chemiosmosis is difficult to visualize. So... you get to color it! Yay!  coloring!

The Calvin Cycle Also called *The Light Independent Reactions *The Dark Reactions *Named after Melvin Calvin, who used a radioactive isotope of carbon to trace the reactions.

The Calvin Cycle FIXATION REDUCTION REGENERATION is a series of reactions producing carbohydrates. carbon dioxide fixation, carbon dioxide reduction, and regeneration of RuBP. FIXATION REDUCTION REGENERATION

B. Fixation of Carbon Dioxide 1. CO2 fixation is the attachment of CO2 to an organic compound called RuBP. 2. RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate) is a five-carbon molecule that combines with carbon dioxide.

Calvin Cycle Animation 3. The enzyme RuBP carboxylase (rubisco) speeds this reaction; this enzyme comprises 20–50% of the protein content of chloroplasts Mainly this is a reshuffling of carbons using ATP and NADPH as energy Calvin Cycle Animation

G3P can be converted into other things Figure 7.9

Fortunately.... Summary Statements: AP Biology no longer requires the memorization of every step of the Calvin Cycle, but you should understand the beginning and the end and what it's purpose is.   Summary Statements:    What is the purpose of the Calvin Cycle?   Where does the cell get its energy to perform these reactions? What is the final product? 

What Factors the Affect Photosynthesis?   1. Light Quality (color) 2. Light intensity 3. Light Period 4. Carbon Dioxide Availability 5. Water Availability *Design an experiment to test ONE of the above factors* Photosynthesis Simulation Waterweed Simulator

Some Plant Taxonomy In order for photosynthesis to occur, plants must open tiny pores on their leaves called STOMATA. Opening these pores can lead to loss of water.

Alternative Pathways   The Calvin Cycle is the MOST Common Pathway for Carbon Fixation. Plant Species that fix Carbon EXCLUSIVELY through the Calvin Cycle are known as C3 PLANTS.  Plants in hot dry environments have a problem with water loss, so they keep their stomata partly closed... this results in CO2  deficit (Used in Calvin Cycle), and the level of O2 RISES                 (as Light reactions Split Water Molecules).

Figure 7.10 C4 plants and CAM plants use an alternate pathway to FIX carbon dioxide from the air. Figure 7.10

Figure 7.11 THE CAM PATHWAY - Plants that use the CAM Pathway open their stomata at night and close during the day.   At night, CAM Plants take in CO2 and fix into organic compounds. During the day, CO2 is released from these Compounds and enters the Calvin Cycle. Because they have their stomata open only at night, they grow slow. Figure 7.11

Quick Practice

Quick Practice grana thylakoid stroma O2

Pg 129b Light & H2O CO2 ADP NADP ATP Pg 129b NADPH O2 glucose

AB = ATP AC = phospholipids AD = light (energy) A = photosystem II B = photosystem I C = H20 D = Electron Transport Chain E = ATP Synthase AB = ATP AC = phospholipids AD = light (energy)

The ABC's of Photosynthesis 1.  Check out some these alphabet books for inspiration       The Absurd Alphabet  |  The Butterfly Alphabet 2.   As a group create your own alphabet book.  You can use all letters or combine letters into groups  [ A B ]   [ C D ]  etc.  You should have at LEAST ten concepts with an illustration and description.