Marco Salvati INAF (Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica) Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri Nome, affiliazione 1

TeV observatories and the IR cosmic background Nome, affiliazione Several slides contributed by Angelo Antonelli & Alessandro De Angelis 2

Satellite vs. Ground-based secondary detection (atm showers) huge effective area low cost higher energy higher bkg Satellite small effective area ~1m2 large duty-cycle primary detection large cost lower energy low bkg Cherenkov Low duty-cycle Small FoV High sensitivity Low threshold EAS detectors High duty-cycle Large FoV Low sensitivity High threshold 3

Observation Technique Gamma-ray ~ 10 km Particle shower ~ 1o Cherenkov light ~ 120 m Teramo, 07 Maggio 2008 L.A. Antonelli - MAGIC & CTA

Teramo, 07 Maggio 2008 L.A. Antonelli - MAGIC & CTA

Origin of  rays  (eV-keV)‏  (TeV)‏  (eV)‏ e.m. processes e- (TeV)‏ Synchrotron  (eV-keV)‏  (TeV) Inverse Compton  (eV)‏ B e.m. processes From non thermal extreme dynamic processes: - 0 +  (TeV)‏ p+ (>>TeV)‏ matter hadronic cascades E2 dN/dE energy E IC In the VHE region, dN/dE ~ E- (: spectral index)‏ To distinguish between had/leptonic origin study Spectral Energy Distribution (SED): (differential flux) . E2 0decay VHE SSC: a (minimal) standard model, explains most observations

(gamma-gamma to electron- positron conversion) ...don’t forget opacity (gamma-gamma to electron- positron conversion) and efficiency-suppressing mechanisms (Klein-Nishina threshold) Nome, affiliazione 9

Science withTeV Astronomy SNRs Pulsars and PWN Micro quasars X-ray binaries AGNs GRBs Origin of cosmic rays Space-time & relativity Dark matter Cosmology 10

SNR J1713.7

LS I +61 303

Unpointed measurements in 2008 Spectral features in the (e+ + e-) spectrum possible excess around 600 GeV reported by ATIC spectral cutoff measured by H.E.S.S. around 1 TeV Pamela reports an increase in the positron fraction More than 200 papers in the last year Local source of electrons – astrophysical? Dark Matter? Astrophysics High Energy Physics 15

Some possible interpretations Several papers already published to explain electron spectrum Together with other observations (positron fraction, diffuse -ray)‏ Pulsars Grasso et al. 2009 Dark Matter Strumia et al. 2009 57 citations so far, ~ > 1/day Several sources… Grasso et al. 2009 Secondary CR acc. Blasi 2009 16

Fermi-LAT Cosmic-Ray Electron Spectrum A. A. Abdo et al. Fermi LAT Collaboration Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 181101 (2009) – Published May 04, 2009 (arXiv: 0905.0025)‏ 17

Adding candidate pulsars within 1kpc arXiv:0905.0636 Fermi data are nicely reproduced, assuming for each pulsar a 40% efficiency in converting spin-down energy into electrons and positrons Pulsars are modeled as point-like, bursting sources, with a power-law injection spectrum (index=1.7) with exponential cutoff at 1 TeV 18

works for Pamela too arXiv:0905.0636 The presence of primary sources of positrons permits to reproduce the rising positron/electron ratio 19

We see high energy CR in SNR (almost up to the “knee”), and we see positrons being injected by pulsars; however, we are not sure yet about high energy protons No evidence of dark matter annihilation products, either in local CR or in nearby dark matter clumps (Milky Way center, dwarf galaxies...) Nome, affiliazione 20

MAGIC discovery of 3C279 Teramo, 07 Maggio 2008 L.A. Antonelli - MAGIC & CTA 23

They explain the low gamma-gamma opacity, and the rapid variability Why jets are important ? They explain the low gamma-gamma opacity, and the rapid variability There are, however, AGN with misaligned jets, and also non-jetted galaxies (these must be a collection of star-sized sources) Nome, affiliazione 24

Quantum Gravity The energy scale at which gravity is expected to behave as a quantum theory is the Planck Mass MP = O(1.2 x 1019) GeV; at the Planck length, space should become corrugated A consequence of these fluctuations is the fact that the speed of light in vacuum becomes energy dependent.

Rapid variability MAGIC, Mkn 501 Doubling time ~ 2 min H.E.S.S. astro-ph/0702008 arXiv:0708.2889 HESS PKS 2155 z = 0.116 July 2006 Peak flux ~15 x Crab ~50 x average Doubling times 1-3 min RBH/c ~ 1...2.104 s H.E.S.S. arXiV:0706.0797

Violation of the Lorentz Invariance Violation of the Lorentz Invariance? Light dispersion expected in some QG models, but interesting “per-se” V = c [1 +-  (E/Es1) – 2 (E/Es2)2 +- …] 0.15-0.25 TeV 0.25-0.6 TeV 0.6-1.2 TeV 1.2-10 TeV 1st order Es1 MAGIC Mkn 501, PLB08 Es1 ~ 0.03 MP Es1 > 0.02 MP HESS PKS 2155, PRL08 Es1 > 0.06 MP GRB X-ray limits: Es1 > 0.11 MP (Fermi, but…) anyway in most scenarios t ~ (E/Es), >1  VHE gamma rays are the probe  Mrk 501: Es2 > 3.10-9 MP , =2 > 1 GeV < 5 MeV 4 min lag

LIV in Fermi vs. MAGIC+HESS GRB080916C at z~4.2 : 13.2 GeV photon detected by Fermi 16.5 s after GBM trigger. At 1st order The MAGIC result for Mkn501 at z= 0.034 is t = (0.030 +- 0.012) s/GeV; for HESS at z~0.116, according to Ellis et al., Feb 09, t = (0.030 +- 0.027) s/GeV t ~ (0.43 ± 0.19) K(z) s/GeV Extrapolating, you get from Fermi (26 +- 11) s (J. Ellis et al., Feb 2009)‏ SURPRISINGLY CONSISTENT: DIFFERENT ENERGY RANGE DIFFERENT DISTANCE ~z Es1

Interpretation of the results on rapid variability The most likely interpretation is that the delay is due to physics at the source By the way, a puzzle for astrophysicists However We are sensitive to effects at the Planck mass scale (if 1st order) 2nd order effects? More observations of flares will clarify the situation

Are our AGN observations consistent with theory? Selection bias? New physics ? Selection bias? New physics? adapted from De Angelis, Mansutti, Persic, Roncadelli MNRAS 2009 Measured spectra affected by attenuation in the EBL: observed spectral index ~ E-2 redshift The most distant: MAGIC 3C 279 (z=0.54)‏

slope ~ -1 (curving downwards) maximum ~ 0.21 at ~ 0.89 wavelength of maximum ~ 1.34 mu at E_gamma = 1 TeV ( 1340 Angstrom at E_gamma = 100 GeV) Nome, affiliazione 35

integration over redshift: if the EBL is produced entirely at high z, the EBL photon density scales as (1+z)^3 the target frequency scales as (1+z)^-2 and the relevant distance (i.e., the light travel time distance) scales as (1+z) Nome, affiliazione 38

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3C279

Will we ever detect a Gamma Ray Burst ? Intrinsic spectrum uncertain, typically at large distances... Up to now, however, we have systematically missed the really good ones Nome, affiliazione 42

Cherenkov Telescope Array The future ? CTA Cherenkov Telescope Array Nome, affiliazione 44