Final Review FIN3701

Stock valuation

The Constant Dividend Growth Rate Model (cont.) Vcs = Value of a share of common stock D0 = Annual cash dividend in the year of valuation g = Annual growth rate in the dividend D1 = Expected dividend for the end of year 1 rcs = Common stockholder’s required rate of return

Determinants of Growth Rate of Future Dividends The growth rate is formally expressed as follows: g = Expected rate of growth of dividends D1/E1 = Dividend payout ratio b = Proportion of firm’s earnings that are retained and reinvested in the firm (Retention Ratio) ROE = Return on equity earned when the firm reinvests a portion of its earning back into the firm Retention Ratio (b)

Valuing Preferred Stock rps = Dps /Vps Vps = Value of a share of preferred stock Dps = Annual preferred stock dividend rps = Market yield or the rate of return on the preferred stock’s promised dividend

Problem: Stock valuation You are considering the purchase of FACEBOOK company stock. You anticipate that the company will pay dividends of $2.00 per share next year and $2.25 per share the following year. You believe that you can sell the stock for $17.50 per share two years from now.  1. If your required rate of return is 12%, what is the maximum price that you would pay for a share of FACEBOOK company?    2. If stock price is now $15 per share, does this stock seem to be a desirable investment? Clearly explain.  

WACC CH14

Three Steps for Estimating WACC Define firm’s capital structure & the weight of each financing source. Estimate the cost of each financing source. Calculate the weighted average of the costs of each financing source . Step 1 Step 3 Step 2

Problem: Cost of Capital Debt: The firm can raise an unlimited amount of debt by selling $1,000, 10%, 10 year bonds on which annual interest payment will be made. To sell the issue, an average discount of $30 per bond would have to be given.   Preferred stock: The company’s preferred stock is selling for $100 with quarterly dividend of $2.5 per share. Common stock: The firm’s stock sells for $108. The company pays 50% of its earning in dividends and $10 was recently paid. Earnings per share 5 years ago were $10. Earnings are expected to continue to grow at the same annual rate in the future. Q2: Given that the firm’s marginal tax rate is 30% and the current capital structure is considered optimal, compute the company’s weighted cost of capital at the financing of $1,000,000.

CF Estimation & Decision’s Criteria

Estimating Project’s Cash Flows Project’s Capital Expenditure Requirements Project’s Working Capital Requirements Project’s Operating Cash Flows Project’s Free Cash Flow

1. Net Present Value (NPV) Difference between present value of cash inflows and the cash outflows. NPV estimates the amount of wealth ($) that the project creates. Decision Rules: Accept if NPV is positive. Reject if NPV is negative.

IRR NPV = -100,000+70,000(PVIFIRR, 1)+30,000(PVIFIRR, 2)+30,000 (PVIFIRR, 3)+25,000 (PVIFIRR, 4)+10,000 (PVIFIRR, 5) = 0

PB Find the year that give cumulative cash flows equals to zero. PB = Year 2

Problem : CF Estimation, Decision Criteria

Problem : CF Estimation, Decision Criteria Question 3: 3.1 Calculate the project’s free cash flow from year 0 to 5. 3.2 Calculate the project’s net present value. 3.3 Should BBB implement the project?

Breakeven & Leverage

Accounting Breakeven Accounting break-even point is level of sales (or output) that cover all fixed operating costs and variable costs such that NOI = 0.

How Operating Leverage Affects NOI for a 20% Decrease in Sales Degree of Operating Leverage How Operating Leverage Affects NOI for a 20% Decrease in Sales DOL = -40%÷-20% = 2

TCM = DOL = 1 + TFC NOI = NOI + TFC = TCM DOL = 750,000 375,000 = 2

Problem Q4: UFO company sells 50,000 units at a price of $100 per unit. The contribution margin comes to 40%. The depreciation expense of the firm is $300,000 and operating profit is currently $1,000,000. 4.1 Calculate the cash fixed cost and accounting break-even point in number of units for the firm. 4.2 Calculate the degree of operating leverage for the firm at the current sales level. 4.3 Based on the firm’s DOL, how much operating profit (in dollar) the firm would be able to generate if it can sell 10% more than the current sale level?

CH 18: Working Capital MGT

Calculating Cost of Short-term Financing Ex.: Rio Corporation plans to borrow $35,000 for a 4-month period and repay $35,000 principal amount plus $1,400 interest at maturity. What is the APR? APR = ($1400/$35000)×(1÷4/12)=12% APY (or EAR) = (1+12%/3)3-1=12.49%

Cost of Trade Credit Trade credit is given by firm’s suppliers. Day 0 Day 10 Day 30 20 days Buy $100 Discount $3 Pay $97 Pay $100 Trade credit is given by firm’s suppliers. Credit term generally includes discount for early payment. Ex: 3/10, net 30  the full amount is due in 30 days but 3% discount is offered for payment within 10 days. What is the cost of not taking the 3% discount? The 3% cash discount is the interest cost of extending the payment period an additional 20 days (from day 10 to day 30) For a $100 invoice, the cost is calculated as follows APR = ($3/$97) × (1÷20/365) = 56.44% APY (or EAR) = (1+56.44%/18.25)18.25 -1= 74.34%

Problem: Working Capital Management Q5: POLLY buy materials from supplier on terms of 1/10, net 20. The banker has offered to loan the money at 12 percent discount interest. Additionally, the bank requires an average compensating balance of 20 percent of the loan amount. (Assume 1 year = 360 days)  Should Polly borrow from the bank to take advantage of the discount received from the supplier if she would borrow 50,000 Baht for 1 month period? Show the cost of each alternative in terms of the effective annual rate of borrowing from the bank and effective cost of trade credit from the supplier to support your answer. Also explain why the company should/ should not borrow from the bank.

Distribution Policy

Individual Wealth Effects: Personal Taxes Tax rules on cash dividends & share repurchases: 100% of cash dividends are taxable in the year in which they are received. For share buyback, when individuals sell shares back to firm, tax is assessed only on the capital gain (difference between selling price and buying price). Redo Stan’s in class exercises.

Non-Cash Distributions: Stock Dividends and Stock Splits A pro-rata distribution of additional stocks to firm’s current stockholders. Ex. Firm pays stock dividend of 1 additional stock per 10 stocks investor has. Stock split: Ex. 2-for-1 split Investor receive 2 new stocks for every one old stock currently has. Stock splits & stock dividends increase total number of stocks outstanding and reduce stock price per share but do not change firm value.

Problem: Distribution policy

Good Luck!!