Det danske valgsystem Sophie Pødenphandt Viby Gymnasium Konklusion Det danske valgsystem er retfærdigt, fordi der tages hensyn til hele befolkningen i.

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Presentation transcript:

Det danske valgsystem Sophie Pødenphandt Viby Gymnasium Konklusion Det danske valgsystem er retfærdigt, fordi der tages hensyn til hele befolkningen i måden valgkredsene er opbygget. Og måden hvorpå der fordeles mandater, bliver der taget hensyn til både vælgerne og partierne. Ved forholdstalsvalget tilgodeses både større og mindre partier. Der vil altid være en forskel på det antal mandater kvotaen berettiger og de mandater et parti egentlig får. Ifølge afstandsformlen er forskellen så lille, at den kan tillades at se bort fra, da en fuldstændig proportionalitet ikke kan forekomme, fordi det ikke vil være muligt at have halve medlemmer i folketinget. Største brøks metode Det hænder, at ikke alle mandater bliver fordelt, når man bruger kvotametoden, så derfor skal man have gang i største brøks metode. Kvota: A = 2,2 B = 1,3 C = 0,4 I dette tilfælde vil C få det sidste mandat, da det parti har den største decimal. Her vil den almindelige afrunding ikke fungere, da alle decimalerne ville bortfalde, og dermed vil det sidste decimal ikke blive fordelt. Divisormetoden Ved mandatfordeling bruges dHondts metode, som er en divisormetode. Udregningerne sker på følgene måde: Vi ser på de tre partier A, B og C. A har fået 335 stemmer B har fået 200 stemmer C har fået 65 stemmer For at fordele mandaterne divideres hvert partis stemmetal først med 1, dernæst 2, 3 osv. Tallene markeret med fed indikerer henholdsvis det største tal efter division, det næste største tal efter division osv. I dette tilfælde skal det fordeles 4 mandater. Det største tal får det første mandat, det næststørste tal får det næste mandat osv. Introduktion I Danmark har vi et repræsentativt demokrati. Valg til folketinget skal ifølge grundloven afholdes mindst hvert fjerde år, da et folketing højest må sidde i fire år. Danmark er i forbindelse med folketingsvalg delt op i valgkredse. I disse valgkredse fordeler man mandater med forholdstalsvalg. I forlængelse af strukturreformen i 2006 valgte regeringen at lave en ændring af fordelingsmetoderne ved valg. Man gik fra at bruge den modificerede Sainte-Lagüe metode til dHondts metode. Afstandsformlen Afstanden mellem punkterne A (x 1,y 1 ) og B (x 2,y 2 ) er |AB| = Længden AB ligger på skrå i koordinatsystemet. Retfærdighed Afstandsformlen kan også bruges i tre dimensioner, til at definere noget om retfærdighed i forhold til mandatfordeling. Partier (p): (A, B, …, L) Kvota: ( k A, k B, …, k L ) Mandater: (m A, m B, …, m L ) Forskellen K p – m p kaldes for uretfærdigheden mod partiet P. kaldes for den totale uretfærdighed ved den betragtede mandatfordeling. Kvota Partierne A, B og C har fået følgende antal stemmer. A = 335 B = 200 C = 65 Der skal fordeles 4 mandater mellem de tre partier. Først udregnes tallet s = S/M S: det samlede stemmetal M: det samlede antal mandater 600/4 = 150Dvs. én mandat koster 150 stemmer. Dernæst divideres partiets stemmetal med tallet s: 335/150 = 2,2 Dette tal er partiet As kvota, og dermed får A 2 mandater. stemme r 12345mandat A ,0 73 B , C , Ideen i dette tilfælde er, at danne en retvinklet trekant, så Pythagoras sætning kan benyttes til at bestemme længden AB. Der tegnes stiplede linjer gennem A og B parallelt med akserne, så den retvinklede trekant bliver dannet. Linjernes skæringspunkt kaldes C, dermed har C samme x-koordinat som B og samme y-koordinat som A, og det fører til Cs koordinater (x 2,y 1 ). Vi har nu en trekant ABC, hvis kateter er parallelle med akserne, dermed bliver deres længe forskellen mellem x-koordinaterne og y-koordinaterne, altså | AC| = |x 2 -x 1 | og |BC| = |y 2 -y 1 | Her bruges Pythagoras sætning, for at finde længden af AB; hypotenusen: |AB| 2 = |AC| 2 + |BC| 2 |AB| 2 = |x 2 -x 1 | 2 + |y 2 -y 1 | 2 |AB| = S%Kvota (k)Mandat (m) A335562,22 B200331,31 C65110,41 I alt Bøger Poulsen, Ebbe Thue: Matematik og retfærdighed. 1. udg. Gyldendal, 2000 Carstensen, Jens m.fl.: MAT A1. 1. udg. Systime, 2005

Acknowledgements Just highlight this text and replace with your own text. Replace this with your text. Conclusion For more information on: Poster Design, Scanning and Digital Photography, and Image / file size. Contact: Medical Illustration Unit Prince of Wales Hospital Ph: Web: Aim How to use this poster template… Simply highlight this text and replace it by typing in your own text, or copy and paste your text from a MS Word document or a PowerPoint slide presentation. The body text / font size should be between 24 and 32 points. Arial, Helvetica or equivalent. Keep body text left-aligned, do not justify text. The colour of the text, title and poster background can be changed to the colour of your choice. Introduction First… Check with conference organisers on their specifications of size and orientation, before you start your poster eg. maximum poster size; landscape, portrait or square. The page size of this poster template is A0 (84x119cm), landscape (horizontal) format. Do not change this page size, MIU can scale-to-fit a smaller or larger size, when printing. If you need a different shape start with either a portrait (vertical) or a square poster template. Bear in mind you do not need to fill up the whole space allocated by some conference organisers (eg. 8ftx4ft in the USA). Do not make your poster bigger than necessary just to fill that given size. Method Tips for making a successful poster… Re-write your paper into poster format ie. Simplify everything, avoid data overkill. Headings of more than 6 words should be in upper and lower case, not all capitals. Never do whole sentences in capitals or underline to stress your point, use bold characters instead. When laying out your poster leave breathing space around you text. Dont overcrowd your poster. Try using photographs or coloured graphs. Avoid long numerical tables. Spell check and get someone else to proof-read. Results Importing / inserting files… Images such as photographs, graphs, diagrams, logos, etc, can be added to the poster. To insert scanned images into your poster, go through the menus as follows: Insert / Picture / From File… then find the file on your computer, select it, and press OK. The best type of image files to insert are JPEG or TIFF, JPEG is the preferred format. Be aware of the image size you are importing. The average colour photo (13 x 18cm at 180dpi) would be about 3Mb (1Mb for B/W greyscale). Call MIU if unsure. Do not use images from the web. Notes about graphs… For simple graphs use MS Excel, or do the graph directly in PowerPoint. Graphs done in a scientific graphing programs (eg. Sigma Plot, Prism, SPSS, Statistica) should be saved as JPEG or TIFF if possible. For more information see MIU. Printing and Laminating… Once you have completed your poster, bring it down to MIU for printing. We will produce a A3 size draft print for you to check and proof read. The final poster will then be printed and laminated. Note: Do not leave your poster until the last minute. Allow at least 5 working days before you need to use it. Simply highlight this text and replace. Cost… For poster-printing and laminating charges contact to MIU Poster title goes here, containing strictly only the essential number of words... Authors Name/s Goes Here, Authors Name/s Goes Here, Authors Name/s Goes Here Address/es Goes Here, Address/es Goes Here, Address/es Goes Here Captions to be set in Times or Times New Roman or equivalent, italic, 18 to 24 points, to the length of the column in case a figure takes more than 2/3 of column width. Captions to be set in Times or Times New Roman or equivalent, italic, between 18 and 24 points. Left aligned if it refers to a figure on its left. Caption starts right at the top edge of the picture (graph or photo). Captions to be set in Times or Times New Roman or equivalent, italic, between 18 and 24 points. Right aligned if it refers to a figure on its right. Caption starts right at the top edge of the picture (graph or photo). Captions to be set in Times or Times New Roman or equivalent, italic, 18 to 24 points, to the length of the column in case a figure takes more than 2/3 of column width. Captions to be set in Times or Times New Roman or equivalent, italic, between 18 and 24 points. Left aligned if it refers to a figure on its left. Caption starts right at the top edge of the picture (graph or photo).