2.4.1-.2 Biomes.

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Presentation transcript:

2.4.1-.2 Biomes

BIOME is the collection of ecosystems sharing similar climatic conditions.

Uneven Solar Heating and Latitude Earth as a whole is in thermal equilibrium, but different latitudes are not. Moving masses of air and ocean currents transport energy from locations with a surplus to those with a deficit.

Tropical deciduous forest Cell 3 South Cold, dry air falls Moist air rises — rain Cell 2 South Cool, dry air falls Cell 1 South Moist air rises, cools, and releases moisture as rain Cell 1 North Cell 2 North Cell 3 North Polar cap Arctic tundra 60° 30° 0° Evergreen coniferous forest Temperate deciduous forest and grassland Desert Tropical deciduous forest Equator Tropical rain forest Model of global air circulation and biomes. The direction of air flow and the ascent and descent of air masses in convection cells determine the earth’s climatic zones.

Generalized effects of altitude and latitude on climate and biomes. Parallel changes in vegetation occur when moving from the Equator to the poles or from the lowlands to mountaintops. Mountain Ice and snow Altitude Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses) Coniferous Forest Tropical Deciduous lichens, mosses) Polar ice and snow Latitude

DESERT BIOMES Polar desert (northwest China) Tropical desert (Saudi Arabia)

Tropical grassland (savanna) Polar grassland (arctic tundra) GRASSLAND BIOMES Tropical grassland (savanna) (Harare, Zimbabwe) Polar grassland (arctic tundra) (Fort Yukon, Alaska)

Temperate deciduous forest (Nashville, Tennessee) FOREST BIOMES Tropical rain forest (Manaus, Brazil) Temperate deciduous forest (Nashville, Tennessee)

AQUATIC BIOMES Ocean Coral reefs Rivers Lakes Mangroves

High tide Low tide Coastal Zone Estuarine Zone Continental shelf Open Sea Sea level Sun Euphotic Zone Bathyal Zone Abyssal Zone Depth in meters 50 100 200 Photosynthesis 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 10,000 Darkness Twilight

DIVERSITY is a generic term for heterogeneity. If may refer to: Genetic diversity is the total number of genetic characteristics of a specific species. Habitat diversity is the diversity of habitats in a given unit area. Species diversity Species richness – total number of species. Species evenness – relative abundance of each species. Species dominance – the most abundant species.

Figure a and b have the same species richness, but different species evenness.

Changes in the distribution of animals with elevation on a typical mountain in Kenya.

Change in the relative abundance of a species over an area or a distance is referred to as an ecological gradient.