Dr. Clincy Professor of CS Chapter 2 and 3 Handout #2 Dr. Clincy Professor of CS Dr. Clincy Lecture

Data Vs Signal Fully explain the difference between signal and data before getting into the details (Digital Transmission) DATA SIGNAL D D A (Analog Transmission) A D Dr. Clincy Lecture

Data vs Signals You probably have a good idea about digital and analog signals What about analog and digital data ?? Analog data examples Voice Images Digital data examples Text Digitized voice or images Dr. Clincy Lecture

Periodic Signal Characteristics If the signal’s pattern repeats over and over, we called these signals Periodic Signals Periodic Signals can be either Analog or Digital Dr. Clincy Lecture

Analog Periodic Signal Case Amplitude (A): signal value, measured in volts Frequency (f): repetition rate, cycles per second or Hertz Period (T): amount of time it takes for one repetition, T=1/f Phase (f): relative position in time, measured in degrees General sine wave is written as S(t) = A sin(2pft + f) Dr. Clincy Lecture

Varying S(t) = A sin(2pft + f) Dr. Clincy Lecture Note: 45 degrees because p is 180 degrees

What is Wavelength ? The distance an electromagnetic wave can travel in the amount of time it takes to oscillate through a complete cycle Wavelength (w) = signal velocity x period or propagation speed x period Recall: period = 1 / frequency Another perspective of Wavelength: how far did this signal travel AS the signal goes through a FULL cycle ? Dr. Clincy Lecture

Electromagnetic Signals Electromagnetic signal can be expressed as a function of time or frequency Function of frequency (more important) Frequency-Domain Plot – peak amplitudes with respect to frequency Time-Domain Plot – amplitude changes with respect to time Different signals Dr. Clincy Lecture

Electromagnetic Signals - Frequency Electromagnetic signal can be expressed as a function of time or frequency Function of frequency (more important) Spectrum (range of frequencies) Bandwidth (width of the spectrum) When we talk about spectrum, we mean the range of frequencies the electromagnetic signal takes on In the example, the signal has a Frequency range of f to 3f Therefore, a electromagnetic signal can be a collection (addition) of periodic analog Signals (Composite Signal) Dr. Clincy Lecture

Composite Periodic Signal According to FOURIER ANALYSIS, a composite signal is a combination of sine waves with different amplitudes, frequencies and phases. Could converged to a square wave 3rd harmonic 9th harmonic Dr. Clincy Lecture

Electromagnetic Spectrum for Transmission Media Tell them how to study this chart Dr. Clincy Lecture

Digital Signaling represented by square waves or pulses Refers to transmission of electromagnetic pulses that represents 1’s and 0’s 1 cycle amplitude (volts) time (sec) frequency (hertz) = cycles per second Dr. Clincy Lecture

Digital Signal Rate Each bit’s signal has a certain duration Example, given a data rate of 50 kbps (or 50,000 bps) Each would have a 0.02 microseconds duration Duration (or bit length) = 1/50000 = .00002 sec = .02 msec Dr. Clincy Lecture

Digital Signal # bits per level = log2 of (#oflevels) Sending 1 bit per level Sending 2 bits per level How many levels needed to send 5 bits at a time ???? # bits per level = log2 of (#oflevels) Dr. Clincy Lecture

Baseband Transmission In sending the digital signal over channel without changing the digital signal to an analog signal Use low-pass channel – meaning the bandwidth can be as low as zero Typical: 2 computers directly connected In baseband transmission, the required bandwidth is proportional to the bit rate; if we need to send bits faster, we need more bandwidth (the frequency will need to increase) Dr. Clincy Lecture

Broadband Transmission Broadband transmission or modulation means changing the digital signal to an analog signal for transmission Modulation allows us to use a bandpass channel – a channel where the bandwidth doesn’t start at zero Bandpass channels are more available than low-pass channels Dr. Clincy Lecture

Channel Capacity As we know, impairments limits the actual data rate realized The actual rate realized at which data can be transmitted over a given path, under given conditions is called Channel Capacity Four concepts Data rate – the rate, in bps, the data can be communicated Bandwidth – constrained by the Tx and transport medium – expressed in cycles per second or Hertz Noise – average level of noise over the communication path Error rate – the rate in which erroneous bits are received Dr. Clincy Lecture

Impairments Dr. Clincy Lecture

Attenuation Loss of energy – the signal can lose energy as it travels and try to overcome the resistance of the medium Decibel (dB) is a unit of measure that measures a signal’s lost or gain of strength – can be expressed in power or voltage dB = 10 log10 [P2/P1] = 20 log10 [V2/V1] Samples of the power or voltage taken at times 1 and 2. Dr. Clincy Lecture

Distortion Distortion is when the signal changes its form. The each signal that makes up a composite signal could have different propagation speeds across the SAME medium – because of this, the different signals could have different delays (arriving at the receiver) – this causes a distortion. Dr. Clincy Lecture

Noise Thermal Noise - the uncontrollable or random motion of electrons in the transport medium which creates an extra signal (not sent by the transmitter) Induced Noise – undesired devices acting as a transmitting antenna and those signals being picked up Cross Talk Noise – effect of one wire crossing another wire Impulse Noise – spikes in energy (ie lightning) Dr. Clincy Lecture

Signal to Noise Ratio SNR = avg-signal-power/avg-noise-power High SNR – good (less corruption) Low SNR – bad (more noise than good power) SNR is described in Decibels (dB) SNRdB = 10 log10 SNR Dr. Clincy Lecture

Shannon Equation Shannon’s equation is used to determine the actual capacity of a channel given noise exist C = B log2 (1 + SNR) B = Bandwidth C= Channel Capacity SNR = Signal-to-noise ratio Actual ratio Dr. Clincy Lecture