SPM Suspended Particulate Matter Sampling and Analysis

7.3 Selection of a Reference for Sediment Quality Standards ........ Reasons are that in this case the sediment quality standard is directly linked to the present contamination level of the material that will finally sink to the ground of the water body and contribute to the build up of new sediment layers and that, moreover, this new settled material is the main food source of detrivorous benthic organisms. It is thought that in contrast to suspended particulate matter, sediment samples taken from the ground of waters give mainly a time integrated indication of past levels of pollution (the time interval covered is dependent on the sampling depth and the intensity as well as the frequency of occurrence of torrential events) and are therefore not recommended as reference for the monitoring of current pollutant levels14. However, sediment samples from the ground of a water body might be suitable to assess the contamination by "historic" pollutants. Further, they might be a suitable reference for quality standards triggering the need for remediation of seriously contaminated sediments. However, the development of such "re- mediation standards" is beyond the scope ......

Water Definition ? Dissolved (Colloid) Suspended Particulate Matter Sediment

Particle Size Spectrum Continuous size distribution In a sample collected with centrifugation: 50 % of the particles have a size below 9 µm. 10 % of the particles have a size below 2 µm < 63 µm < 20 µm Typical cut-off values

SPM concentration Typical SPM concentration values are: In lakes around 5 mg/L. In large European Rivers 20 mg/L in normal conditions. During flooding events up to 1000 mg/L. Multiannual averages are 40 mg/L. In estuaries 150-1500 mg/L. In coastal zones in the low mg/L range, towards open sea < 1 mg/L.

SPM concentration Typical SPM concentration values are: In lakes around 5 mg/L. In large European Rivers 20 mg/L in normal conditions. During flooding events up to 1000 mg/L. Multiannual averages are 40 mg/L. In estuaries 150-1500 mg/L. In coastal zones in the low mg/L range, towards open sea < 1 mg/L.

Operative Definition through applied separation method ! e.g. 0.45 µm membrane filter Centrifuge (Alfa Laval, Padberg, Westfalia, Heraeus, etc.) Whatman GF/C depth filter Whatman GF/F depth filter

Fernando Dos Santos, IHCP, JRC Glasfiber filter Fernando Dos Santos, IHCP, JRC

Fernando Dos Santos, IHCP, JRC Membrane filter

Variables in filtration of surface water: Filter material Filter size Filter poresize/retention Filter capacity Filtered volume Adsorption of dissolved material on filter

Residence time in centrifuge Sample inlet/pumping system Centrifugation Centrifugal force Residence time in centrifuge Sample inlet/pumping system 20-25 sec at 17670 g

Continuous flow Centrifuge

Czech Hydrometeorological Institute Department of Water Quality Suspended sediment sampling by mobile centrifuge in the national water quality network Mark Rieder Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Na Šabatce 17, CZ-143 06 Praha 4 – Komořany tel. +420-244032347, e-mail rieder@chmi.cz

SPM Tool for monitoring with > 10 years practical experience Need for research (SedNet) Development of European Standard/Guidance Comparison of sampling tools List with methods for analysis