Chapter 5 Classical Greece, 2000 B.C.–300 B.C. The history and culture of classical Greece has a significant impact on the modern world. Discus thrower (about 450 B.C.), Myron.

Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea Section 1 Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea Geography Shapes Greek Life Ancient Greece • Was a collection of separate lands where ________________-speaking people live • Includes mainland and about ___________ islands The Sea • The sea shapes Greek civilization • Proximity to sea and a lack of resources encourage sea ______________________________________

Geography Shapes Greek Life The Land • ________________ slow travel, divide land into regions • Lack of fertile land leads to _____________ populations, and a need for ___________________ The Climate • Moderate climate promotes _______________________ • Greek ____________, especially, spend much of their time outside

Mycenaean Civilization Develops Origins • _______________________—Indo-Europeans who settled on Greek mainland in 2000 B.C. • Took their name from their leading city, _________________ • Mycenaean warrior-kings dominate Greece from _____________________________ Contact with Minoans • After 1500 B.C., Mycenaeans adopt Minoan sea ____________________________________ The Trojan War • Trojan War—fought by Mycenaeans against city of _________ in 1200s B.C. • Once thought to be ______________________, archaeological evidence has been found

Scene of Trojan Horse entering Troy.

Greek Culture Declines Under the Dorians Dorians Replace Mycenaeans • Mycenaean civilization _____________ around 1200 B.C. • Dorians—possibly relatives of ______________________ Greeks—move into Greece • Less advanced than Mycenaeans, Dorians leave no ________________________________ Epics of Homer • Oral tradition grows, especially epics of Homer—a = _______________________________ • ______________—a narrative poem about heroic deeds • Homer’s epic the Iliad, about the ___________________, shows Greek heroic ideal

Depiction of funeral games in honor of Patroclus, influenced by Homer's Iliad (book 23).

Greek Culture Declines Under the Dorians Greeks Create Myths • Greeks develop their own _____________—traditional stories about gods • Greeks seek to understand mysteries of _____________ through myths • Greeks attribute human qualities of ______________, __________________, and ___________________ to their gods • __________________, ruler of Gods, lives on ______________________________________ with his wife, Hera • Zeus’s daughter ____________________ is goddess of wisdom and guardian of cities

Zeus, principal god in Greek mythology. Bronze statue (about 460 B. C

Warring City-States Rule and Order in Greek City-States The City-State • By 750 B.C. the Greek city-state, or _______________, is the formal government • A _____________ is a city and its surrounding villages; 50 to 500 square miles • Population of a city-state is often less than 10,000 • Citizens gather in the marketplace and ______________ — a fortified hilltop

Rule and Order in Greek City-States Greek Political Structures • City-states have different forms of government • ________________ — rule by a king; ___________________ — rule by nobility • ___________________ — rule by small group of powerful merchants and artisans Tyrants Seize Power • Rulers and common people clash in many city-states • _________________ — nobles and wealthy citizens win support of common people • They seize control and rule in the interests of ordinary people

Athens Builds a Limited Democracy Building Democracy • About 621 B.C., __________________ — rule by the people—develops in Athens • Nobleman, Draco, develops ____________________ based on equality of citizens • Ruler Solon abolishes debt slavery; Cleisthenes has ______________ make laws • Only native-born, property-owning males are citizens Athenian Education • ________________ only for sons of wealthy families • Girls learn from mothers and other female members of household

Sparta Builds a Military State A Unique City-State • _________________, isolated from much of Greece, builds military state Sparta Dominates Messenians • Around 725 B.C., Sparta conquers Messenia • Messenians become _______________ — peasants forced to farm the land • Harsh rule leads to Messenian revolt; Spartans build stronger state Sparta’s Government and Society • Sparta government has ______________ branches; the _____________ elect officials • Three social classes: citizens, free non-citizens, helots—slaves

Sparta Builds a Military State Spartan Daily Life • Spartan values: ________________, strength, individuality, _____________ over freedom They neglected the _______________, literature and other _____________________ pursuits • Sparta has the most powerful army in Greece • Males move into barracks at age ____, train until _____, serve until _____ • Girls receive some _______________ training; also they ran, wrestled, and played sports • Girls also taught to value service to Sparta above all else Spartan women enjoyed much more _______________ than they would have in other Greek city-states

The Persian Wars A New Kind of Army Emerges • Cheaper ________ replaces bronze, making arms and armor cheaper • Leads to new kind of army; includes soldiers from all classes • _________________—feared by all, formation of soldiers with spears, shields Battle at Marathon • Persian Wars — between Greece and Persian Empire—begin in Ionia on the coast of ______________________ Persians conquer area; Greeks revolt; Daruis the Great vows revenge • Persian army attacks Athens, is defeated at ______________________ in 490 B.C. Pheidippides Brings News • Runner ____________________ races to Athens to announce Greek victory; origin of the modern day ________________

The Persian Wars Thermopylae and Salamis • In 480 B.C., Persians – under Darius’ son Xerxes – launch new invasion of ______________ • ____________ are divided; many stay neutral or side with _____________ • Greek forces hold Thermopylae for ______ days before retreating • Athenians defeat Persians at _____, near island of Salamis • Victories at Salamis and Plataea force Persian retreat • Several city-states form _____________________ and continue to fight Persians driving them from the territories surrounding Greece

Consequences of the Persian Wars • New _____________________ in Greece due to victory • ____________ emerges as leader of Delian League • _______________ controls the league by using ___________ against opponents • League members essentially become ______________ of Athenian empire • Stage is set for a dazzling burst of _________________ in Athens NEXT

Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age Section 3 Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age Pericles’ Plan for Athens Pericles as Leader • Skillful ________________, inspiring ______________, respected ___________________ • Dominates life in Athens from _________________ B.C. Stronger Democracy • Pericles hires more ______________________________; creates a ________________________________ • Direct democracy—citizens rule directly, not through ________________________________

Pericles (495-429 B.C.), statesman who shaped Athens as cultural center. Shown with backdrop of Acropolis, Athens.

Pericles’ Plan for Athens Athenian Empire • Athens takes over _____________________________; uses money to strengthen Athenian _______________ • Sparta and other cities resent Athenian power Glorifying Athens • Pericles buys _________, _________, & ___________; hires __________________ to beautify Athens

Glorious Art and Architecture Architecture and Sculpture • Pericles builds the __________________________ — a large temple to honor goddess Athena • Within temple, sculptor Phidias crafts 30-foot statue of ___________________ • Sculptors create _______________, _____________, perfectly formed figures • ___________________________ — values harmony, order, balance, proportion, beauty

Drama and History Tragedy and Comedy • Greeks invent _______________ as an art form; includes chorus, dance, poetry • Two forms of drama: tragedy and comedy • ______________________ — tells story of heroes’ downfall; themes of love, hate, war • ______________________ — makes fun of politics and respected people; slapstick humor • Greek dramatists include Aeschylus, Euripides, Aristophanes History • __________________ Herodotus and Thucydides record and study past events

Athenians and Spartans Go to War War Begins • 431 B.C. city-states Sparta and Athens at war— _______________________________________ Peloponnesian War • Sparta has better ________, Athens has better _______ • ___________ strikes Athens in 430 B.C., kills many — including _________________ • Sparta and Athens sign truce in 421 B.C. Sparta Gains Victory • 415 B.C. ___________ renews war and attacks Syracuse, but is defeated in 413 B.C. • ___________ and allies surrender to ______________ in 404 B.C.

Philosophers Search for Truth Rise of Great Philosophers • After the war, there is the rise of philosophers — thinkers, “____________________________________" • They believe the universe is subject to ________________ and _______________________ laws • People could understand these laws through ___________, reason • Sophist philosopher Protagoras questions the existence of _____________________________ Socrates • Socrates—believes in questioning, _______________________ of values, actions • Convicted of ___________________ young people; is sentenced to ______________ in 399 B.C.

Philosophers Search for Truth Plato • Plato—student of _______________; writes The Republic — an ideal society • In 387 B.C., establishes Athens school, the Academy; lasts __________ years • His writings dominate European philosophy for _______ years Aristotle • Aristotle—student of ____________; uses rules of ________ for argument • His work provides the basis for the _____________________, which is still used today • Tutors _______ -year-old prince who becomes ____________________________________________

Section 4 Alexander’s Empire Philip Builds Macedonian Power Macedonia • Macedonia — kingdom of mountain villages north of ________________ • _____________________________ — ruler, brilliant general; dreams of controlling Greece • Macedonians call themselves _______________; the rest of Greece does not Philip’s Army • Philip creates a well-trained professional army; plans to invade Greece

Philip Builds Macedonian Power Conquest of Greece • 338 B.C. Macedonians defeat Greece; 336 B.C. King Philip is __________________ • His son named king of Macedonia—becomes _____________________________________

Alexander the Great with father, Philip II, and mother, Olympias Alexander the Great with father, Philip II, and mother, Olympias. Manuscript (14th century).

Alexander Defeats Persia Alexander’s Early Life • Tutored by Aristotle; inspired by the __________; has military training • Becomes king when _______ years old; destroys Thebes to curb rebellion Invasion of Persia • 334 B.C. Alexander invades _________; quick victory at Granicus River • ______________ — king of Persia, assembles army of 50,000–75,000 men • Alexander defeats Persians again, forces King of Persia to flee

Alexander Defeats Persia Conquering the Persian Empire • Alexander marches into _______________, and is crowned _______________ in 332 B.C. • At Gaugamela in ____________________________, Alexander defeats Persians again • Alexander captures cities of ___________________, Susa, and Persepolis • Persepolis, the Persian capital, burned to the ground • Ashes of Persepolis signal ______________________ of Persian Empire

Alexander’s Other Conquests Alexander in India • Alexander _____________ his way across the deserts of Central Asia to India • Alexander conquers Indus Valley area in 326 B.C. Reluctantly returns to _____________________; he dies in 323 B.C. Alexander’s Legacy • Alexander melds ______________ and ______________ cultures; his wife is Persian • Empire becomes three kingdoms: (1) ___________________________________________ (2) ___________________________________________ (3) ___________________________________________

Section 5 – The Spread of Hellenistic Culture Hellenistic Culture in Alexandria • Result of Alexander’s policies is a __________________________ • Hellenistic culture—Greek blended with ____________________, _____________________, ______________________ Trade and Cultural Diversity • ____________________________ — Egyptian city becomes center of Hellenistic civilization Alexandria’s Attractions • ___________________, called the Pharos, stands over 350 feet tall • Museum contains art galleries, a ________, ____________________, ____________________________ • Library holds masterpieces of ancient ________________________; supports scholars

Science and Technology Alexandria’s Scholars • Scholars preserve ____________ and ______________ learning in the sciences Astronomy • Astronomer Aristarchus proves the _________ is larger than the Earth • Proposes that the planets revolve around sun; this is not accepted for ___________________________ • Eratosthenes uses ________________to calculate Earth’s circumference Mathematics and Physics • ______________________ — mathematician; his book ______________________ is the basis for courses in geometry • Archimedes — scientist; accurately estimated the value of ________; his ideas help build force pump and the ________________________

Philosophy and Art Stoicism and Epicureanism • Zeno founds Stoic school; promoted ___________________, simple lives • _____________________ believes people should focus on what senses perceive Realism in Sculpture • _____________________________________ — Hellenistic bronze sculpture over 100 feet tall • Sculptors move to non-classical, natural forms; ________________________________

Colossus of Rhodes (294-282 B. C. ), huge bronze statue of sun god Colossus of Rhodes (294-282 B.C.), huge bronze statue of sun god. Engraving (19th century).