Database Systems Instructor Name: Muhammad Hafeez Lecture-1

Course Overview Introduction to Database Develop understanding of Business/ commercial data oriented application Develop the concepts of both theoretical as well as practical aspects of database Main Emphasis on: Introduction to Database Database Design (Conceptual and Logical) Structured Query Language (SQL) Database Implementation (Through a commercial RDBMS) 2

Grading Semester Work (20%) Mid-Term (20%) Final-Term (60%) Assignments & Quizzes (5%) Semester Project (15%) Mid-Term (20%) Final-Term (60%) 3

Guidelines This is tentative grading Quizzes shall be unannounced you can expect quiz on daily basis Each Semester Project can be done in the group of at most two students Each group select a unique topic of interest which my shall not be duplicated Submit your topic till Mid-Term after duly approved from the course instructor The detailed requirement of semester project shall be delivered to you as the course proceed 4

Recommended Books Modern Database Management, 11th Edition, Jaffery A. Hoffer et al. Database System: Design, Implementation and Management, by Cathrine Recordo Fundamentals of Database Systems, 5/E, Elmasri and Navathe Database Systems: A Practical Approach to Design, Implementation and Management 5E, R.Connolly and P. Begg, 5

Modern Database Management, 11th Edition, Jaffery A. Hoffer et al. Lecture Reference Modern Database Management, 11th Edition, Jaffery A. Hoffer et al. CHAPTER - 1 6

Initial systems to store and manage data files in the computers Manual File System Initial systems to store and manage data files in the computers 7

Manual File System Examination System/ Application Prorams Library Systems/ Application Programs Scholarship Systems/ Application Programs Examination Data Files Library Data Files Scholarship Data Files 8

Disadvantages of File Systems Duplicate Data Inconsistent Data Non-sharing of data Program-Data Dependence 9

Database Approach Examination/ Application Programs Library/ Application Programs Scholarship/ Application Programs Database Management System University Database 10

Advantages of Database Systems Program Data Independence Separation of Data Descriptions from application programs Planned Data Redundancy Data is stored at single location and accessed anywhere in the database Improved Data Consistency Change in data is done in the entire database Improved Data Sharing Data is accessed at different user views from the same database Increase Productivity of Applications Enhance and improve the production of new application as well as extending the existing applications 11

Advantages of Database Systems Increased Enforcement of Standards Improved Data Quality Improved Data Accessibility and Responsiveness Reduced Program Maintenance Improved Decision Support Increase Productivity of Applications 12

Data A collection of structured, unstructured data stored in a computer system. 13

Ali Mustafa 021-BSCS-14 Kamran 001-BSCS-14 NASIR 031-BSCS-14 Example of Data Ali Mustafa 021-BSCS-14 Kamran 001-BSCS-14 NASIR 031-BSCS-14 14

Information A processed form of data to increase the knowledge of users who uses this data. 15

Example of Information Government College University Lahore List of Enrolled Students Course Title: Database System Course Code: CS-2014 Semester: V Student Name Roll # Ali Mustafa 021-BSCS-14 Kamran 001-BSCS-14 NASIR 031-BSCS-14 16

Data that describes the properties and characteristics of user data. Metadata Data that describes the properties and characteristics of user data. Also called “Data about data” Data types, size, allowable values etc. 17

Database A shared collection of logically related data, designed to meet the information needs of multiple users in an organization. 18

History of Database Evolution Flat File Systems – (1960-1970) Hierarchical Data Model Network Data Model – (1960-Mid 1970) Relational Data Model – (Mid 1970 - Present) 19

Contd- Flat File System Data Storage Record Management But no Relationship between data 20

Hierarchical Data Model Contd- Hierarchical Data Model Developed to handle the large amount of data produced by complex manufacturing systems Logically represented by up-side down tree Each Hierarchical level or SEGMENT is equivalent to a Record type Each parent and children has one-to-many relationship that is an advantage over the flat file system that had no relationship or navigations 21

Hierarchical Data Model Contd- Hierarchical Data Model However, its disadvantage are: No Standards which makes it less portable Lack of structural independence Only supports 1:M relationship Complex to implement 22

Contd- Hierarchical Model Example 23

Data that describes the properties and characteristics of user data. Metadata Data that describes the properties and characteristics of user data. Also called “Data about data” Data types, size, allowable values etc. 24

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