Versailles: Review Why did Louis XIV move the court to Versailles? How did Louis XIV control the nobility? What role does ceremony play in Canadian culture or government? Is Louis too extravagant?

The Scientific Revolution Summary/Review

Video: What does this have to do with science?

The Scientific Method What is the scientific method? 1) Experiment & Observe 2) Interpret observations (with reason of course) 3) Prove scientific theories using mathematics

Copernicus Poland Argued against a geocentric model of the universe

Copernicus Said earth was not stationary, but turned on its axis once a day Argued for a heliocentric model of the universe Did not have enough evidence to convince the majority of scientists, but did affect how science is practiced (use of evidence to back up new ideas)

Tycho Brahe Denmark Carefully recorded what he saw from his observatory Credited with the most accurate and detailed recordings of his time

Johannes Kepler Germany Believed in Copernicus’ heliocentric model Used Brahe’s observations to help proved the heliocentric model of the universe Argued that planets move in an ellipse

Galileo Italy Used a telescope to prove by observation what Kepler proved in mathematics Moon was not smooth but rough Jupiter had 4 moons Sun had spots Facing the Roman Inquisition

Newton Proved mathematically some of Galileo’s observations Invented calculus Law of gravity The apple! Saw the universe as a well run machine that followed a specific set of laws. Laws of nature

Why would these ideas be hard for people to accept? Why would the church be troubled by this?

The Enlightenment 18th Century Thinking

The power of hanging out Salon Middle Class Discussion

Background to the Enlightenment Reformation and the wars that followed religious divisions Absolutism Scientific Revolution and the scientific method

Words associated with the Enlightenment: Progress Critical Reason Logic Insight Discussion Rejection Maturity Rational Scientific Middle-class Optimistic Confident Equality Toleration

Scientific Revolution Leads to Enlightenment 1500-1700: European scientists using reason to discover laws of nature Very successful: Planetary movements, chemistry, vaccine for smallpox, etc. Early 1700’s: If people used reason to find laws that governed the physical world, why not use reason to discover natural laws? Laws that govern human nature Reformers begin studying human nature and societal problems

Rene Descartes “Cogito ergo sum” I think, therefore I am Descartes applies the scientific reasoning to the empirical (senses) world Wax argument: How can I know this is still wax? This leads to doubting, how can I know anything? I think, so therefore I know that I exist. This is his foundation for logical thinking. Used reasoning to figure “things” out

Major Enlightenment Ideas Every social, political, and economic problem could be solved through the use of reason Governments are created to secure an orderly society Separation of powers is the best way to protect human liberties All men are created “free and equal” A free market should be allowed to regulate trade Deism: A belief in a God that created this world but has backed off and lets the world run according to the natural laws set in place by God.

The Enlightenment Thinkers The Enlightenment was a broad intellectual and cultural movement. The methods of natural science could and should be used to examine and understand all aspects of life. This does not mean arriving at the same conclusions!

Political Thought During the Enlightenment

Thomas Hobbes Humans are naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish. To escape this “brutish” life people entered into a social contract. People “agree” to give up their freedom to a ruler who guaranteed peace & order. Only a powerful government could ensure an orderly society. Believed only an absolute monarchy could keep a society completely orderly. Written during a Civil War in England

John Locke Humans are naturally reasonable, moral and good Humans have natural rights: life, liberty, and property People form governments to protect natural rights Best government was one with limited power Government rules at the consent of the people If a government violates people’s natural rights, people have the right to overthrow government

Think about it… Why would John Locke’s ideas scare absolute monarchies? What could Locke’s ideas lead to? Any guess where Locke’s ideas became very popular?

Enlightenment Thinkers Voltaire John Locke Baron de Montesquieu

The Philosophes Many expanded on Locke’s idea of natural rights, these people became known as the philosophes. Confident that the use of science and reason would lead to a continued human progress.

Enlightenment and the Economy Physiocrats rejected mercantilism in favor of a policy called laissez faire. Wanted natural laws for economics Laissez-Faire: allowing business to operate with little or no government interference

Enlightenment and the Economy Adam Smith: Free market should be allowed to regulate business activity Manufacturing, trade, wages, profits and economic growth are all linked to the market forces of supply and demand Where there is demand, suppliers will seek to meet it because there are profits and economic rewards to be had Smith supported laissez faire, but also believed that a government had a duty to protect society, administer justice, and provide public works.

Supply and Demand

Major Enlightenment Ideas for Society Detested the slave trade and slavery Deplored religious prejudice Defended freedom of speech Attacked divine right theory Urged education for all Hated unequal distribution of property Believed governments should be freely elected

Essential Enlightenment Expressions: "I disapprove of what you say, but will defend to the death your right to say it"  (Voltaire) "Man is born free but everywhere he is in chains"  (The Social Contract - Jean-Jacques Rousseau) "The individual who persecutes another because he is not of the same opinion is nothing less than a monster"  (Voltaire)

Enlightenment Changes Society Women: Women were not equal and were criticized for attempting to gain equality Salons: Men and women gather in living rooms to discuss Enlightenment ideas (chat rooms) Music: Ballets and operas become popular (Bach, Handel, Mozart) Art: Baroque gives way to rococo art (simple, elegant and charming) Literature: Novels become popular (Robinson Cru soe)

REVIEW QUESTIONS Who believed that people are naturally cruel and greedy? a) Montesquieu b) Hobbes c) Rousseau d) Voltaire Which of the following is true of the physiocrats? a) They rejected laissez faire in favor of mercantilism. b) They rejected mercantilism in favor of laissez faire. c) They rejected both mercantilism and laissez faire. d) They focused on social reform.

REVIEW QUESTIONS Who believed that people are naturally cruel and greedy? a) Montesquieu b) Hobbes c) Rousseau d) Voltaire Which of the following is true of the physiocrats? a) They rejected laissez faire in favor of mercantilism. b) They rejected mercantilism in favor of laissez faire. c) They rejected both mercantilism and laissez faire. d) They focused on social reform.