Bonding Ionic Covalent 8.4 Bond Polarity Polar Nonpolar.

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Presentation transcript:

Bonding Ionic Covalent 8.4 Bond Polarity Polar Nonpolar

nonpolar covalent bond: The nuclei of atoms pull on the shared electrons, much as the knot in the rope is pulled toward opposing sides in a tug-of-war.

+ + nonpolar covalent bond: atoms with equal pull (similar electronegativity) so bonding electrons are shared equally. H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2 + + H H

- + polar covalent bond: bonding electrons are shared unequally. less EN more EN - + H Cl  “partial” dipole: molecule with 2 poles (partial – end and partial + end) Which of these bonds is the most polar? H-Cl H-F O-H C-N greatest diff. ΔEN

Electronegativity Differences (& Bond Types) F is a 4.0 (most EN element) Electronegativity Differences (& Bond Types) C–H is a NONpolar bond (2.5 – 2.1 = 0.4)

Bonding Summary Ionic Polar Covalent Nonpolar Covalent (e– transferred) Polar Covalent (e– unequally shared) (ΔEN) Nonpolar Covalent (e– equally shared)

arranged symmetrically nonpolar molecule: has no polar bonds, or… has polar bonds… arranged symmetrically Cl Cl (balanced pull in every direction) (polar bonds do cancel out)

arranged asymmetrically SHAPE matters polar molecule: has polar bonds arranged asymmetrically (unbalanced pull in different directions) (polar bonds do not cancel out) net dipole

Give 2 example of nonpolar molecules: Br2, CO2, CCl4 Quick Quiz! 1. In a nonpolar covalent bond, electrons are gained by one atom. shared unequally between atoms. shared equally between atoms. lost by both atoms. Give 2 example of nonpolar molecules: Br2, CO2, CCl4

- + Quick Quiz. 2. In a molecule, the most electronegative atom repels electrons more strongly and acquires a partial negative charge. repels electrons more strongly and acquires a partial positive charge. attracts electrons more strongly and acquires a partial positive charge. attracts electrons more strongly and acquires a partial negative charge. - +

3. Which of the following bonds is the most polar? H-N O-N H-F Cl-Cl Quick Quiz. 3. Which of the following bonds is the most polar? H-N O-N H-F Cl-Cl greatest difference in EN

Quick Quiz. 4. Why is carbon tetrachloride, CCl4,a nonpolar molecule even though it contains 4 polar C–Cl bonds? The polar bonds are too weak. The polar bonds cancel in opposite directions. Carbon is always nonpolar. Carbon tetrachloride has single bonds.

S Quick Quiz. 5. Which of the following is a polar molecule? H2S CO2 NH3 I2 S

Cl Cl AB2 Polar? or Nonpolar? AB3 AB4 AB3E AB4 AB2E2