by Xiao Z. Shen, You Li, Liang Li, Kandarp H. Shah, Kenneth E

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Microglia Participate in Neurogenic Regulation of HypertensionNovelty and Significance by Xiao Z. Shen, You Li, Liang Li, Kandarp H. Shah, Kenneth E. Bernstein, Patrick Lyden, and Peng Shi Hypertension Volume 66(2):309-316 July 8, 2015 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved.

Enhanced production of proinflammatory cytokines by microglia of hypertensive mice. Enhanced production of proinflammatory cytokines by microglia of hypertensive mice. A, The percentages of CD11b+CD45low microglia expressing proinflammatory cytokines in normotensive mice and mice after 4-weeks l-NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) treatment. B, The percentages of microglia expressing proinflammatory cytokines from normotensive mice and angiotensin (Ang) II–treated mice for 4 weeks are shown. Cells were stimulated with 10 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS). *P<0.05; †P<0.01 by unpaired t test. IL indicates interleukin; and TNF, tumor necrosis factor. Xiao Z. Shen et al. Hypertension. 2015;66:309-316 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved.

Surface activation markers expressed by hypertensive microglia. Surface activation markers expressed by hypertensive microglia. Microglia were dissociated from normotensive mice or mice treated with angiotensin (Ang) II or l-NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) for 4 weeks. Their surface expression of M1- and M2-associated activation markers were quantified by flow cytometry (FCM). A, Representative overlapped histograms of microglia from normotensive mice or Ang II–induced hypertensive mice. B, Fold changes of mean florescence intensity (MFI) of activation markers between hypertensive microglia (Ang II or L-NAME) and normotensive microglia. Blood monocytes isolated from normotensive mice and Ang II–induced hypertensive mice were also analyzed. The statistics was analyzed by unpaired t test of MFI between hypertensive cells and normotensive cells. *P<0.05; †P<0.01; ‡P<0.001 by unpaired t test. CCR indicates c-c chemokine receptor; IFN, interferon; iNO, inducible nitric oxide synthase; and MHC, major histocompatibility complex. Xiao Z. Shen et al. Hypertension. 2015;66:309-316 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved.

Verification of microglial depletion. Verification of microglial depletion. A, Three days after intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of diphtheria toxin (DT) in the indicated doses, the brain of CD11b-diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) mice was perfused, and the coronal sections of paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and motor cortex were stained for Iba1. B, Flow cytometry (FCM) analysis of microglia (CD11b+CD45low) and blood total monocytes (CD11b+F4/80low) and inflammatory monocytes (CD11b+Ly6Chigh) in saline- and DT-treated CD11b-DTR mice. Representative dot plots from 10 mice of each treatment. C, The densities of neuron (NeuN+), astrocytes (GFAP+), and perivascular macrophages (blood vessels [CD31+] and macrophages [F4/80+]) in the PVN of saline- and DT-treated CD11b-DTR mice. Xiao Z. Shen et al. Hypertension. 2015;66:309-316 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved.

Microglia are important for sustained hypertension. Microglia are important for sustained hypertension. A, Systolic blood pressure was measured in CD11b-diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) mice treated with angiotensin (Ang) II (left) by telemetry transducer or l-NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; right) by tailcuff. After hypertension induction, mice were treated with intracerebroventricular (ICV) diphtheria toxin (DT) or saline in the indicated periods. Expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β (B) and GluN2A (C) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of naïve, Ang II, or Ang II+ICV DT-treated CD11b-DTR mice were analyzed by ELISA and Western Blot, respectively. D, The levels of kidney norepinephrine (NE) and plasma vasopressin (AVP) were analyzed by ELISA. *P<0.05 by 2-way ANOVA in A and by 1-way ANOVA in B–D. Xiao Z. Shen et al. Hypertension. 2015;66:309-316 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved.

Adoptive transfer of activated microglia prolonged pressor responses to intracerebroventricular (ICV) angiotensin (Ang) II stimulation. Adoptive transfer of activated microglia prolonged pressor responses to intracerebroventricular (ICV) angiotensin (Ang) II stimulation. A, Outline of experimental protocol. B, Representative traces of arterial blood pressure (BP) and mean blood pressure of recipient mice in response to i.c.v. single dose of Ang II (50 ng). The recipients were previously transferred i.c.v. with saline (Sham) or 1×105 naïve microglia (Naïve MG) or preprimed microglia. In addition, a group of mice were transferred with 1×105 Ang II–primed astrocytes. Dashed line indicates the time point when ICV injection of Ang II. C, Quantification of magnitude and duration of blood pressure responses described in B. *P<0.05 vs naïve; †P<0.01 vs naive microglia; ‡P<0.0001 vs Ang II–primed microglia by 1-way ANOVA. D, Densitometry quantification of western blot on paraventricular nucleus (PVN) GluN2A standardized to α-tubulin. *P<0.01; †P<0.001 by 1-way ANOVA. LPS indicates lipopolysaccharide; and MAP, mean arterial pressure. Xiao Z. Shen et al. Hypertension. 2015;66:309-316 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved.