ConcepTest Clicker Questions Chapter 7 Physics for Scientists & Engineers with Modern Physics, 4th edition Giancoli © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching their courses and assessing student learning. Dissemination or sale of any part of this work (including on the World Wide Web) will destroy the integrity of the work and is not permitted. The work and materials from it should never be made available to students except by instructors using the accompanying text in their classes. All recipients of this work are expected to abide by these restrictions and to honor the intended pedagogical purposes and the needs of other instructors who rely on these materials.

ConcepTest 7.1 To Work or Not to Work Is it possible to do work on an object that remains at rest? 1) yes 2) no Click to add notes

ConcepTest 7.1 To Work or Not to Work Is it possible to do work on an object that remains at rest? 1) yes 2) no Work requires that a force acts over a distance. If an object does not move at all, there is no displacement, and therefore no work done.

ConcepTest 7.2a Friction and Work I A box is being pulled across a rough floor at a constant speed. What can you say about the work done by friction? 1) friction does no work at all 2) friction does negative work 3) friction does positive work Click to add notes

ConcepTest 7.2a Friction and Work I A box is being pulled across a rough floor at a constant speed. What can you say about the work done by friction? 1) friction does no work at all 2) friction does negative work 3) friction does positive work Friction acts in the opposite direction to the displacement, so the work is negative. Or using the definition of work (W = F d cos q ), because  = 180º, then W < 0. f N mg Displacement Pull

ConcepTest 7.2b Friction and Work II Can friction ever do positive work? 1) yes 2) no Click to add notes

ConcepTest 7.2b Friction and Work II Can friction ever do positive work? 1) yes 2) no Consider the case of a box on the back of a pickup truck. If the box moves along with the truck, then it is actually the force of friction that is making the box move.

ConcepTest 7.2c Play Ball! In a baseball game, the catcher stops a 90-mph pitch. What can you say about the work done by the catcher on the ball? 1) catcher has done positive work 2) catcher has done negative work 3) catcher has done zero work Click to add notes

ConcepTest 7.2c Play Ball! In a baseball game, the catcher stops a 90-mph pitch. What can you say about the work done by the catcher on the ball? 1) catcher has done positive work 2) catcher has done negative work 3) catcher has done zero work The force exerted by the catcher is opposite in direction to the displacement of the ball, so the work is negative. Or using the definition of work (W = F d cos q ), because  = 180º, then W < 0. Note that because the work done on the ball is negative, its speed decreases. Follow-up: What about the work done by the ball on the catcher?

ConcepTest 7.2d Tension and Work A ball tied to a string is being whirled around in a circle. What can you say about the work done by tension? 1) tension does no work at all 2) tension does negative work 3) tension does positive work Click to add notes

ConcepTest 7.2d Tension and Work A ball tied to a string is being whirled around in a circle. What can you say about the work done by tension? 1) tension does no work at all 2) tension does negative work 3) tension does positive work No work is done because the force acts in a perpendicular direction to the displacement. Or using the definition of work (W = F d cos q ), because  = 180º, then W < 0. v T Follow-up: Is there a force in the direction of the velocity?

ConcepTest 7.3 Force and Work 1) one force 2) two forces 3) three forces 4) four forces 5) no forces are doing work A box is being pulled up a rough incline by a rope connected to a pulley. How many forces are doing work on the box? Click to add notes

ConcepTest 7.3 Force and Work 1) one force 2) two forces 3) three forces 4) four forces 5) no forces are doing work A box is being pulled up a rough incline by a rope connected to a pulley. How many forces are doing work on the box? Any force not perpendicular to the motion will do work: displacement N f T mg N does no work T does positive work f does negative work mg does negative work

ConcepTest 7.4 Lifting a Book You lift a book with your hand in such a way that it moves up at constant speed. While it is moving, what is the total work done on the book? 1) mg  r 2) FHAND  r 3) (FHAND + mg)  r 4) zero 5) none of the above

ConcepTest 7.4 Lifting a Book You lift a book with your hand in such a way that it moves up at constant speed. While it is moving, what is the total work done on the book? 1) mg  r 2) FHAND  r 3) (FHAND + mg)  r 4) zero 5) none of the above The total work is zero because the net force acting on the book is zero. The work done by the hand is positive, and the work done by gravity is negative. The sum of the two is zero. Note that the kinetic energy of the book does not change either! Follow-up: What would happen if FHAND were greater than mg?

ConcepTest 7.5a Kinetic Energy I By what factor does the kinetic energy of a car change when its speed is tripled? 1) no change at all 2) factor of 3 3) factor of 6 4) factor of 9 5) factor of 12 Click to add notes

ConcepTest 7.5a Kinetic Energy I By what factor does the kinetic energy of a car change when its speed is tripled? 1) no change at all 2) factor of 3 3) factor of 6 4) factor of 9 5) factor of 12 Because the kinetic energy is mv2, if the speed increases by a factor of 3, then the KE will increase by a factor of 9. Follow-up: How would you achieve a KE increase of a factor of 2?

ConcepTest 7.5b Kinetic Energy II 1) 2v1 = v2 2) 3) 4v1 = v2 4) v1 = v2 5) 8v1 = v2 Car #1 has twice the mass of car #2, but they both have the same kinetic energy. How do their speeds compare? Click to add notes

ConcepTest 7.5b Kinetic Energy II 1) 2v1 = v2 2) 3) 4v1 = v2 4) v1 = v2 5) 8v1 = v2 Car #1 has twice the mass of car #2, but they both have the same kinetic energy. How do their speeds compare? Because the kinetic energy is mv2, and the mass of car #1 is greater, then car #2 must be moving faster. If the ratio of m1/m2 is 2, then the ratio of v2 values must also be 2. This means that the ratio of v2/v1 must be the square root of 2.

ConcepTest 7.6a Free Fall I Two stones, one twice the mass of the other, are dropped from a cliff. Just before hitting the ground, what is the kinetic energy of the heavy stone compared to the light one? 1) quarter as much 2) half as much 3) the same 4) twice as much 5) four times as much Click to add notes

ConcepTest 7.6a Free Fall I Two stones, one twice the mass of the other, are dropped from a cliff. Just before hitting the ground, what is the kinetic energy of the heavy stone compared to the light one? 1) quarter as much 2) half as much 3) the same 4) twice as much 5) four times as much Consider the work done by gravity to make the stone fall distance d: DKE = Wnet = F d cosq DKE = mg d Thus, the stone with the greater mass has the greater KE, which is twice as big for the heavy stone. Follow-up: How do the initial values of gravitational PE compare?

ConcepTest 7.6b Free Fall II 1) quarter as much 2) half as much 3) the same 4) twice as much 5) four times as much In the previous question, just before hitting the ground, what is the final speed of the heavy stone compared to the light one? Click to add notes

ConcepTest 7.6b Free Fall II 1) quarter as much 2) half as much 3) the same 4) twice as much 5) four times as much In the previous question, just before hitting the ground, what is the final speed of the heavy stone compared to the light one? All freely falling objects fall at the same rate, which is g. Because the acceleration is the same for both, and the distance is the same, then the final speeds will be the same for both stones.

ConcepTest 7.7 Work and KE A child on a skateboard is moving at a speed of 2 m/s. After a force acts on the child, her speed is 3 m/s. What can you say about the work done by the external force on the child? 1) positive work was done 2) negative work was done 3) zero work was done Click to add notes

ConcepTest 7.7 Work and KE A child on a skateboard is moving at a speed of 2 m/s. After a force acts on the child, her speed is 3 m/s. What can you say about the work done by the external force on the child? 1) positive work was done 2) negative work was done 3) zero work was done The kinetic energy of the child increased because her speed increased. This increase in KE was the result of positive work being done. Or, from the definition of work, because W = DKE = KEf – KEi and we know that KEf > KEi in this case, then the work W must be positive. Follow-up: What does it mean for negative work to be done on the child?

ConcepTest 7.8a Slowing Down If a car traveling 60 km/hr can brake to a stop within 20 m, what is its stopping distance if it is traveling 120 km/hr? Assume that the braking force is the same in both cases. 1) 20 m 2) 30 m 3) 40 m 4) 60 m 5) 80 m Click to add notes

ConcepTest 7.8a Slowing Down If a car traveling 60 km/hr can brake to a stop within 20 m, what is its stopping distance if it is traveling 120 km/hr? Assume that the braking force is the same in both cases. 1) 20 m 2) 30 m 3) 40 m 4) 60 m 5) 80 m F d = Wnet = DKE = 0 – mv2, and thus, |F| d = mv2. Therefore, if the speed doubles, the stopping distance gets four times larger.

ConcepTest 7.8b Speeding Up I A car starts from rest and accelerates to 30 mph. Later, it gets on a highway and accelerates to 60 mph. Which takes more energy, the 0  30 mph, or the 30  60 mph? 1) 0  30 mph 2) 30  60 mph 3) both the same Click to add notes

ConcepTest 7.8b Speeding Up I A car starts from rest and accelerates to 30 mph. Later, it gets on a highway and accelerates to 60 mph. Which takes more energy, the 0  30 mph, or the 30  60 mph? 1) 0  30 mph 2) 30  60 mph 3) both the same The change in KE ( mv2 ) involves the velocity squared. So in the first case, we have: m (302 − 02) = m (900) In the second case, we have: m (602 − 302) = m (2700) Thus, the bigger energy change occurs in the second case. Follow-up: How much energy is required to stop the 60-mph car?

ConcepTest 7.8c Speeding Up II 1) 2 W0 2) 3 W0 3) 6 W0 4) 8 W0 5) 9 W0 The work W0 accelerates a car from 0 to 50 km/hr. How much work is needed to accelerate the car from 50 km/hr to 150 km/hr? Click to add notes

ConcepTest 7.8c Speeding Up II 1) 2 W0 2) 3 W0 3) 6 W0 4) 8 W0 5) 9 W0 The work W0 accelerates a car from 0 to 50 km/hr. How much work is needed to accelerate the car from 50 km/hr to 150 km/hr? Let’s call the two speeds v and 3v, for simplicity. We know that the work is given by W = DKE = KEf – Kei. Case #1: W0 = m (v2 – 02) = m (v2) Case #2: W = m ((3v)2 – v2) = m (9v2 – v2) = m (8v2) = 8 W0 Follow-up: How much work is required to stop the 150-km/hr car?

ConcepTest 7.9a Work and Energy I Two blocks of mass m1 and m2 (m1 > m2) slide on a frictionless floor and have the same kinetic energy when they hit a long rough stretch (m > 0), which slows them down to a stop. Which one goes farther? 1) m1 2) m2 3) they will go the same distance m1 m2 Click to add notes

ConcepTest 7.9a Work and Energy I Two blocks of mass m1 and m2 (m1 > m2) slide on a frictionless floor and have the same kinetic energy when they hit a long rough stretch (m > 0), which slows them down to a stop. Which one goes farther? 1) m1 2) m2 3) they will go the same distance With the same DKE, both blocks must have the same work done to them by friction. The friction force is less for m2 so stopping distance must be greater. m1 m2 Follow-up: Which block has the greater magnitude of acceleration?

ConcepTest 7.9b Work and Energy II A golfer making a putt gives the ball an initial velocity of v0, but he has badly misjudged the putt, and the ball only travels one-quarter of the distance to the hole. If the resistance force due to the grass is constant, what speed should he have given the ball (from its original position) in order to make it into the hole? 1) 2 v0 2) 3 v0 3) 4 v0 4) 8 v0 5) 16 v0 Click to add notes

ConcepTest 7.9b Work and Energy II A golfer making a putt gives the ball an initial velocity of v0, but he has badly misjudged the putt, and the ball only travels one-quarter of the distance to the hole. If the resistance force due to the grass is constant, what speed should he have given the ball (from its original position) in order to make it into the hole? 1) 2 v0 2) 3 v0 3) 4 v0 4) 8 v0 5) 16 v0 In traveling four times the distance, the resistive force will do four times the work. Thus, the ball’s initial KE must be four times greater in order to just reach the hole—this requires an increase in the initial speed by a factor of 2, because KE = mv2.

ConcepTest 7.10 Sign of the Energy I Is it possible for the kinetic energy of an object to be negative? 1) yes 2) no Click to add notes

ConcepTest 7.10 Sign of the Energy I Is it possible for the kinetic energy of an object to be negative? 1) yes 2) no The kinetic energy is mv2. The mass and the velocity squared will always be positive, so KE must always be positive.