Warm Up for 12/1/15 You get ____ chromosomes from your mom and ___ chromosomes from your dad to give you a total of ____ chromosomes. Autosomes include chromosomes 1 through ___ and are ordered ________ to ________. If a person is a male, he will have ___ sex chromosomes.

Mutations Notes 12/1/15

Mutations A change in the DNA of the hereditary material of life

Mutations Can be: Good Bad Neutral Adaptation Cancer Typically go unnoticed

Who’s affected? If a mutation is in a somatic, or body cell, it will only change that person. Also, skin cancer

Who’s affected? If the mutation is in a gamete, or sex cell, the offspring will have that change also. Also, family cancer lines Albinism – mutation within the recessive genes that is passed down

Types of Mutations Point or Gene: Substitution Insertions Deletions Frameshift Changes the protein more if at the beginning of the sequence.

Point Mutations: Substitutions Mutation that exchanges one base for another — a change in a single “chemical letter” HFE-related hereditary haemochromatosis is a hereditary disease characterized by excessive intestinal absorption of dietary iron resulting in a pathological increase in total body iron stores.[4] Humans, like most animals, have no means to excrete excess iron.[5] Excess iron accumulates in tissues and organs disrupting their normal function.

Point Mutations: Insertions Mutations in which extra base pairs are inserted into a new place in the DNA

Point Mutations: Deletions Mutations in which a section of DNA is lost—a loss of genetic material

Point Mutations: Frameshift Insertions and deletions can alter a gene so that the reading frame is incorrect and its message is no longer correctly parsed.

Types of Mutations: Chromosomal: Deletions Additions Inversions Translocations Nondisjunction

Chromosomal: Deletion Mutations When a chromosome breaks and some of the genetic material is lost

Chromosomal: Addition Mutations

Chromosomal: Inversion When a broken chromosome segment is reversed and inserted back into the chromosome

Chromosomal: Translocations When a fragment of one chromosome joins to a non-homologous chromosome

Chromosomal: Nondisjunction Failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during meiosis - (in anaphase-1 or 2) It can result in a trisomy or monosomy