1.5 Review

What is the first line of defence for the Immune (Lymphatic) system? Skin, lining of organs

Mucus, phlegm, Hairs (hair-like structures) What part of the first line of defence helps trap pathogens? Mucus, phlegm, Hairs (hair-like structures)

What is in your stomach that kills pathogens? Strong acid

What is the key player in the Second Line of Defence for your Immune system? White Blood Cells

Why is inflammation our bodies natural response to an injury or infection? What does it help do? Affected area receives more blood to allow more white blood cells to arrive. Area’s temperature increases to help with antibiotic effects

Specialized White Blood Cells What is the bodies Third Line of Defence? What does it help do? Specialized White Blood Cells Helps fight the same pathogen in future attacks

What is the main difference between an Epidemic and Pandemic? An epidemic is a disease that spreads to many people rapidly in an area (one place). A pandemic is an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents. Global scale outbreak

What is: Developed Immunity Natural Immunity the ability of an organism to resist a particular infection or toxin by the action of specific antibodies or sensitized white blood cells. The body has been exposed to the pathogen before. Natural Immunity Immune to a disease without previous exposure to the pathogen (body already contains antigens)

1.6 Vaccines and antibiotics

What is a vaccine. What benefits does it offer What is a vaccine? What benefits does it offer? Can you name some illnesses that you would get a vaccine for? Eg. Tetanus, measles, mumps, HPV, Hep A + B, Rubella, menegitis

Vaccine: A substance that causes an immune response that prepares the immune system for future attacks

Four Different types of Vaccines: Live, Attenuated Vaccine You are injected with live, but weakened microbes, that don’t cause the disease Your immune system responds and remembers Receive life-long immunity after 1-2 shots Examples: Measles Mumps Chickenpox Yellow Fever

Inactivated Vaccines You are injected with dead microbes Your immune system responds somewhat and remembers Receive immunity ONLY if booster shots are maintained Examples: Hepatitis A Rabies Whooping Cough

Subunit Vaccines You are injected with specific pieces of microbes Your immune system responds and remembers Receive immunity after several doses Examples: Hepatitis B Flu

Toxoid Vaccines You are injected with inactivated toxins from microbes that don’t cause disease Your immune system responds and remembers Receive immunity ONLY if booster shots are maintained Examples: Tetanus

What line of defence is responsible for the “remembering” in vaccines? How do vaccines work - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rb7TVW77ZCs

What do YOU think some benefits of vaccines are? With a partner brainstorm some benefits you think vaccines might offer. Why are these things good?

Benefits of vaccines Individual Immunity you avoid getting horribly sick all the time

Benefits of vaccines Individual Immunity you avoid getting horribly sick all the time Population Immunity If everyone is vaccinated, the disease cant spread, even if a few are vaccinated

Benefits of vaccines Individual Immunity you avoid getting horribly sick all the time Population Immunity If everyone is vaccinated, the disease cant spread, even if a few are vaccinated Disease eradication If everyone is vaccinated, the disease has no where to go, so it dies out (like smallpox – last case in 1977)

Benefits of vaccines Individual Immunity you avoid getting horribly sick all the time Population Immunity If everyone is vaccinated, the disease cant spread, even if a few are vaccinated Disease eradication If everyone is vaccinated, the disease has no where to go, so it dies out (like smallpox – last case in 1977) Economic savings Billions of dollars saved in the health care system. Treating disease is expensive http://www.bbc.com/news/health-37773274

Sometimes people choose not to vaccinate because severe reactions are possible: High fever Severe allergic reaction Brain infection (meningitis)

These reactions are VERY RARE. These possible side effects for each vaccine are Different Over the last decade, it has been scientifically proven countless times that vaccines do NOT cause two side effects that have been popularized on social media: Leukemia And Autism Discuss anti-vaxxers (debate – should all infants be vaccinated?) Facts only, not opinions http://time.com/27308/4-diseases-making-a-comeback-thanks-to-anti-vaxxers/

What are antibiotics. What benefits do they offer What are antibiotics? What benefits do they offer? Can you name some illnesses that you would take antibiotics for? Good bacteria = insulin and penicillin Whooping cough Conjuctivitus (eye infection) Bites Infections Antibiotics quiz - http://www.cdc.gov/getsmart/community/about/quiz.html

Antibiotics: Chemical that affect bacteria Kills bacteria (some dissolve cell membrane) Prevent bacteria from growthing/reproducing DOES NOT WORK ON VIRUSES

Antibiotic Resistance & Superbugs Superbug video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZbcwi7SfZE

Many antibiotics were discovered from: Plants Fungi Algae Cinnamon = Honey and cinnamon are combined often to fight various infections. Daily use of these two products can prevent bacterial and viral infections and they help strengthen white blood cells. Honey and cinnamon can be drunk with water to heal colds and coughs and heal bladder infections. Honey and cinnamon paste can ease an aching tooth, cure acne, eczema, insect bites, ringworm and other skin infections. Fungi = Penicillin Algae =

Evolution of bacteria “mega-plate” - https://www. youtube. com/watch

Discovery of Penicillin - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i75unx2upYk