DNA Structure.

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Presentation transcript:

DNA Structure

DNA Structure DNA consists of two molecules that are arranged into a ladder-like structure called a Double Helix. A molecule of DNA is made up of millions of tiny subunits called Nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of: Phosphate group Pentose sugar Nitrogenous base

Nucleotides Phosphate Nitrogenous Base Pentose Sugar

Nitrogen-Containing Bases

Sugars

Nucleosides in DNA Base Sugar Nucleoside Adenine (A) Deoxyribose Adenosine Guanine (G) Deoxyribose Guanosine Cytosine (C) Deoxyribose Cytidine Thymine (T) Deoxyribose Thymidine

Nucleosides in RNA Base Sugar Nucleoside Adenine (A) ribose Adenosine Guanine (G) ribose Guanosine Cytosine (C) ribose Cytidine Uracil (U) ribose Uridine

Example of a Nucleoside

Nucleotides in DNA and RNA dAMP Deoxyadenosine monophosphate dGMP Deoxyguanosine monophosphate dCMP Deoxycytidine monophosphate dTMP Deoxythymidine monophosphate RNA AMP adenosine monophosphate GMP guanosine monophosphate CMP cytidine monophosphate UMP uridine monophosphate

Nucleotides The phosphate and sugar form the backbone of the DNA molecule, whereas the bases form the “rungs”. There are four types of nitrogenous bases.

Nucleotides A Adenine T Thymine C Cytosine G Guanine

Nucleic Acid Structure 3,5-phosphodiester bond 3 5

Structure of Nucleic Acids Polymers of four nucleotides Linked by alternating sugar-phosphate bonds RNA: ribose and A, G, C, U DNA: deoxyribose and A,G,C,T nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide base base base base sugar sugar P sugar P sugar P P

DNA Structure Because of this complementary base pairing, the order of the bases in one strand determines the order of the bases in the other strand.

Each base will only bond with one other specific base. Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) Form a base pair. Form a base pair.

A C T G G A T C

Double Helix of DNA DNA contains two strands of nucleotides H bonds hold the two strands in a double-helix structure A helix structure is like a spiral stair case Bases are always paired as A–T and G-C Thus the bases along one strand complement the bases along the other

Double Helix of DNA

DNA Replication DNA in the chromosomes replicates itself every cell division Maintains correct genetic information Two strands of DNA unwind Each strand acts like a template New bases pair with their complementary base Two double helixes form that are copies of original DNA

Identical base sequences 5’ 3’ Identical base sequences 5’ 3’ 3’ 5’ 5’ 3’ Figure Watson/Crick proposed mechanism of DNA replication

To crack the genetic code found in DNA we need to look at the sequence of bases. The bases are arranged in triplets called codons. A G G - C T C - A A G - T C C - T A G T C C - G A G - T T C - A G G - A T C

A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a protein. Each unique gene has a unique sequence of bases. This unique sequence of bases will code for the production of a unique protein. It is these proteins and combination of proteins that give us a unique phenotype.

DNA Gene Protein Trait