Igneous Rocks Igneous rocks are composed of interlocking _________ Igneous rocks have textures (crystal size), which inform us of their rate of cooling. crystals

Large crystals= __________ cooling slow

Small crystals= _________ cooling fast

Glassy (no crystals)= _____________ cooling very rapid

3. Igneous rock can be used to infer mineral composition

_______= mafic (magnesium & iron) Dark Dunite Gabbro

__________= felsic (aluminum & silicon) Light Rhyolite Pegmatite

4.Upon cooling, gases can become trapped in igneous rocks forming a vesicular or porous texture

Sedimentary Rocks 1. Classified based up ____________ composition

Clastic = composed of rock fragments

Chemical = composed of 1 mineral Limestone Rock salt

Bioclastic = formed from plant and animal products Coal Limestone (coquina)

2. Clastic sedimentary rocks are classified according to their _____________ sediments Sandstone Shale

3. Chemical sedimentary rocks are classified according to their __________ composition mineral Rocks Gypsum Dolostone

4. Sedimentary rocks can contain _________ fossils

Metamorphic Rocks crystals 1. Metamorphic rocks are composed of interlocking __________ (which are often elongated or flattened) crystals

2. Metamorphic rocks are classified on the basis of their __________ foliation

____________ = minerals are not layered nonfoliated _________= minerals are layered or aligned foliated

3. Foliated metamorphic rocks are classified according to their mineral size and composition.

4. Non-foliated metamorphic rocks are classified according to their _________ composition mineral Quartzite

Igneous rocks form when molten rock, or magma, _________ and ____________. __________ originate in the mantle and crust as a result of partial melting of the solid rock due to tectonic forces. Magma works its way to the surface because it is ___________ or (less/more) dense than the surrounding rocks. cools solidifies Magma lighter

4. Igneous rocks that form when lava (molten rock on the surface of the earth) solidifies are classified as ________ or ________ igneous rocks. 5. Most magma never reaches the surface of the Earth. Rather it crystallizes at depth to produce _________ or ________ igneous rocks. 6. Although _______ rocks form at depth, __________ and _________ often expose them at the surface extrusive volcanic intrusive plutonic igneous weathering erosion

Igneous Rock Texture The rate of cooling affect both the size and the arrangement of crystals, a property called ___________. Rapid cooling produces _________ crystals (fine-grained texture) and slower cooling allow time for __________ crystals to form texture small larger

3. Many of the fine-grained, quickly cooling rocks contain voids left behind by gas bubbles trapped as lava solidifies. These rocks are said to exhibit a ___________ texture. 4. Slow cooling magma produces igneous rocks with _______ crystals and a _________ grained texture. vesicular large coarse

6. Rapidly cooling silica-rich lava may produce rocks without a crystalline structure and a _________ texture 7. In addition to the igneous textures already considered, some igneous rocks have large crystals that are embedded in a matrix of smaller crystals. These rocks are said to have a _________ texture. glassy porphyritic

1.Sedimentary Rocks- ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. Compaction- __________________________________________________________________ Form from the accumulation of sediments derived from pre-existing rocks and/or organic material The pressure that forces out any water and air present and compacting the sediments into rock

3 Types of Sedimentary Rocks Cementation- ____________________________________________________________________________ 3 Types of Sedimentary Rocks Clastic- _________________________________________ Bioclastic-_________________________________________ Chemical-_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Sediments or clasts are “glued” together by precipitating minerals Rocks composed of solid sediments, like sand, silt Rocks composed of living organisms or their materials Interconnected crystals of just one mineral that formed by evaporation and/or precipitation of dissolved minerals

4. Characteristics of Sedimentary Rocks The clasts or sediments are usually rounded, because they have been moved by _________________, ________ or ________________ wind running water ocean waves

Metamorphic Rocks more less foliation changed Pre-existing rock Metamorphic Rocks are usually: 1. __________ dense and _________ porous 2. ______________ (layered minerals) B. Formation of Metamorphic Rocks During metamorphism, the parent rock (or protolith) is ___________ What is the “parent rock”? more less foliation changed Pre-existing rock

___________ Metamorphism Contact

_____________ Metamorphism Regional

______________ Foliated

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_______- breaks easily into smooth layers with very small crystals phyllite

________- visible crystals, with a high mica content schist

_________- coarse grained crystal foliations (banding- alternating light and dark layers) Gneiss

___________ Nonfoliated

________________- appearance of crystallized “stretched-pebble” Metaconglomerate

___________- grainy single mineral rock that is harder than glass Quartzite

___________- grainy single mineral rock that react with dilute HCl acid Marble

___________- very fine-grained rock that breaks into small shards Hornfels