Refresh List 3 similarities and 3 differences between Elizabeth I and Philip II

Absolutism Louis XIV

Henry IV Huguenots: French Protestants 1562-1598: Eight religious wars were fought between French Catholics and Huguenots 1572: 6 week nationwide slaughter of Huguenots 1589: Huguenot Henry IV becomes King of France, begins Bourbon Dynasty Edict of Nantes (1598): declared Huguenots could live in peace in France and worship freely Some hated his compromises – stabbed to death by a fanatic in 1610

Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu Cardinal Richelieu: Became the ruler of France as Louis XIII’s Chief Minster Louis was 13 when he took the throne Increased power of Bourbon Monarchy Moved against Huguenots - did not trust Protestants Saw Protestantism as an excuse for conspiracies against the king Forbade any Protestant cities from having walls Weakened the Nobles’ power Nobility in control provinces: collected taxes, administered justice, appointed local officials and made alliances with foreign governments Richelieu took away government rights of and Increased power of government agents Nobles maintain social prestige Began the Thirty Years’ War to limit Hapsburg’s power

Louis XIV Considered the strongest Bourbon Monarch Reigned for 72 years (longest ever in Europe) Set the style for European monarchies Lavish and powerful Louis becomes king at age four in 1643 France led by Cardinal Mazarin while Louis XIV was young Ended the Thirty Years’ War Hated by French Nobility for increasing taxes and strengthening central government Riots tore France apart –Louis never forgot his fear or anger of Nobility For many years people of France accepted oppressive

Power At 22, Louis takes full control of France Weakened Nobles, strengthened the power of government officials Jean Baptiste Colbert: Minister of Finance Fixed a near bankrupt French economy In less than six years a debt of 22 million French pounds had become a surplus of 29 million. Wanted France self-sufficient and manufacture everything it needed Recognized importance of colonies – encouraged people to migrate toward Canadian colony After Colbert, Louis XIV slowed economic progress Louis cancelled the Edict of Nantes Many skilled Huguenot artisans and businessmen flee

The Sun King Louis spent a fortune to surround himself with luxury Nearly 500 cooks, waiters, and other servants at his regular feasts Controlled every aspect of the nobility 100 privileged nobles waited each morning to help him dress - only four granted honor Lesser Nobles waited within palace halls hoping to be noticed Royal attention determined whether a noble succeeded or failed Having nobles at the palace 1. Increased their dependency on Louis XIV 2. Took them from their homes, giving power to government officials

Arts Built the Palace of Versailles Would cost $2.5 billion today Demonstrated wealth, power and glory of France 10,000 people lived and worked at Versailles Versailles was a center of the arts during Louis’s reign Made ballet and opera increasingly popular Under Louis, the chief purpose of art was not to glorify God (middle ages) or to glorify human potential (Renaissance) Purpose of art was to glorify the king and his absolute rule

1660: France had four times the English population and ten times the Dutch French military was far ahead of other states’ in size, training and weaponry Louis attempted to expand French borders Europe unites against France With the small and middle sized countries united - they could equal French strength Constant war, poor harvest and taxes all led to French suffering War

War of Spanish Succession 1700: Spanish throne given to Louis XIV’s grandson Philip V The two greatest powers in Europe ruled by Bourbon monarchs Europe threatened by Bourbon power England, Netherlands and Austria vs. France & Spain Peace Agreement: Recognize Philip V as ruler of Spain but Spain and France can’t become one empire France loses many colonies to England France’s bankrupt, increased poverty and discontent with Louis XIV

Effects France was a military power Brilliant cultural period Lavish buildings, decorated palaces and churches; great playwrights and artists Final years more sad than glorious Realized costly wars had ruined France and brought suffering to the people Warfare and building Versailles created staggering debt Poor resented having the tax burden Corrupt, complicated, unjust tax system was not changed Poor carried the tax burden Nobles, clergy and government officials exempt from paying taxes Louis XIV abuse of power Nobility AND peasantry (most of France) want change in system revolution on the horizon