Unit 3 Test Review.

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Unit 3 Test Review

Calcium Homeostasis

Ca++ Online Help: eText – Section 6.8 Smart Video – Hormone Regulation MP3 Tutor – Calcium Regulation IP Animation – Bone This is a feed back mechanism Stimulus Receptor Control Center Effector Response

Low Calcium Ion Level in Blood Factors That Increase Blood Calcium Ion Level These responses are triggered when blood calcium ion level decreases below 8.5 mg/dL. Low Calcium Ion Level in Blood (below 8.5 mg/dL) Parathyroid Gland Response Low calcium level causes the parathyroid glands to secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH Bone Response Intestinal Response Kidney Response Osteoclasts stimulated to release stored calcium ions from bone Intestinal absorption of calcium increases Kidneys absorb calcium ions Osteoclast more Bone calcitriol Calcium released Calcium absorbed Calcium conserved Ca2+ level in blood increases Decreased calcium loss in urine © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

High Calcium Ion Level in Blood Factors That Decrease Blood Calcium Ion Level Intestinal and kidney responses are triggered when blood calcium ion level rises above 11 mg/dL. High Calcium Ion Level in Blood (above 11 mg/dL) Thyroid Gland Response C cells in the thyroid gland secrete calcitonin. Calcitonin Bone Response Intestinal Response Kidney Response Osteoclast activity decreases; osteoblast activity unaffected Intestinal absorption of calcium decreases Kidneys excrete calcium ions less Osteoclast calcitriol Bone Calcium release slowed Calcium absorbed slowly Calcium excreted Ca2+ level in blood decreases Increased calcium loss in urine © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Endosteum vs. Periosteum

Types of Cells

Figure 6–5 Types of Bone Cells. Endosteum Osteoblast Osteogenic cell Osteoid Medullary cavity Matrix a Osteogenic cell: Stem cell whose divisions produce osteoblasts b Osteoblast: Immature bone cell that secretes organic components of matrix Medullary cavity Matrix Ruffled border Osteocyte Osteoclast Canaliculi Matrix c Osteocyte: Mature bone cell that maintains the bone matrix d Osteoclast: Multinucleate cell that secretes acids and enzymes to dissolve bone matrix © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Types of Fractures

Types of Fractures Fig. 61-4

Refer to page 203 in your eText for a quick review Bone Healing

Bone Growth

Bone Remodeling