Update on New Federal Guidance for Dose and Risk Assessment LLW Forum Meeting October 17, 2017 Presented by Michael Boyd US EPA Radiation Protection Division

Overview Background and history of Federal Guidance Presidential Guidance Technical Reports Review of current FG technical reports in use today Federal Guidance for radionuclide-specific dose and risk assessment Status and update of new Federal Guidance technical reports

What is Federal Guidance? 3

What Is Federal Guidance? The Federal guidance function is to "...advise the President on radiation matters, directly or indirectly affecting the public, including guidance for all Federal agencies in the formulation of radiation standards...” - Authority transferred from Federal Radiation Council to EPA Administrator in 1970 - President signs final guidance EPA has used Federal Guidance to - Recommend New Limits for Uranium Workers - Recommend Revised General Standards for Workers - Issue Guidance on the Use of Diagnostic X-rays 4

Two Kinds of Federal Guidance Presidential Guidance Radiation protection principles and policy recommendations to Federal agencies Signed by the President Technical Reports Methodologies and coefficients for radiation dose and risk assessments RP guidance for diagnostic and interventional x-ray procedures Background information to support Presidential Guidance and standards Signed by EPA 5

Two Kinds of Federal Guidance Technical Guidance Presidential Guidance 6

History of Federal Guidance 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000… Radiation Protection Guidance for Federal Agencies: EISENHOWER 1960 (FRC) Underground Mining of U Ore: NIXON 1970 (FRC) Guidance for Occupational Exposure (revised 1960 guidance): REAGAN 1987 (EPA) Tech. Report 14 RP Guidance for Diagnostic and Interventional X-ray Procedures 2014 (EPA) Guidance on Diagnostic X-rays: CARTER 1978 (EPA) Supplemental FG: KENNEDY 1961 (FRC) Tech. Report 12 External Exposure DCFs 1993 (EPA) Tech. Report 9 Background for Diagnostic X-ray Guidance 1976 (EPA) Tech. Reports 1, 2, 5, & 7 Background for Rad. Protection Stds. 1960, 1961, 1965 (FRC) - - - - - Tech Reports 3, 4, 6 Fallout Studies 1962, 1963, 1964 (FRC) Tech. Report 10 Radioactive Concentration Guides (out of date) 1984 (FRC) Tech. Report 11 ALIs, DACs, & DCFs (current, ICRP 26) 1988 (EPA) Tech. Report 13 Cancer Risk Coefficients 1999 (EPA) Tech. Report 8 Guidance for Control of Hazards in U Mines 1967 (FRC) Presidential Guidance Technical Reports 7

Current FG Technical Reports Federal Guidance Series FGR 11 FGR 12 FGR 13 Subject Internal DCFS Ingestion Inhalation External DCFs Cancer Risk Coefficients International Consensus Basis ICRP 26/30 ICRP 60+ 8

FGR 11: Internal Dose Coefficients FGR 11 dose conversion factors (now called dose coefficients) used to calculate effective dose to reference adult from ingestion and inhalation of 825 radionuclides (Sv/Bq) Provides ALIs and DACs* FGR 11 dosimetry is out of date (based on ICRP 26 and 30 from 1976); but still needed to comply with some US regulations More recent ICRP 60+ dose coefficients can be found on FGR 13 CD Supplement * ALIs = Allowable Limits of Intake; DACs = Derived Air Concentrations 9

FGR 12: External Dose Coefficients FGR 12 dose coefficients used to calculate effective dose to reference adult from exposure to uniform radionuclide concentrations in air, water and soil Issued as companion to FGR 11 Dose coefficients given for the 825 radionuclides found in ICRP Publication 38 10

FGR 13: Cancer Risk Coefficients FGR 13 (September 1999) provides: Age-averaged risk per becquerel for food ingestion, water ingestion, and inhalation (800 + radionuclides) Age-averaged risk/year of exposure per becquerel/ gram of radionuclides in soil Risk per unit organ absorbed dose based on EPA Blue Book (Estimating Radiogenic Cancer Risks, June 1994) Internal dosimetry and biokinetics calculated using ORNL DCAL code 11

FGR 13 CD Supplement CD Supplement includes all the data files used to calculate risk coefficients in FGR 13 A data viewer allows the user to look up age-, gender-, and organ-specific risks per radionuclide ICRP 60+ dose coefficients are also available on the CD Supplement 12

Updates Underway FGR 16 FGR 15 Federal Guidance Series (in interagency review now) FGR 16 (1st Complete draft for review – Sept. 2017) Subject External Dose Coefficients (Worker and Public*) Internal Dose and Risk Coefficients (Worker and Public*) International Consensus Basis ICRP 103 * Public includes 6 ages and male and female for ages 15 and adult 13

Revised Dose Coefficients (FGR 15 & 16) Dose coefficients for over 1200 radionuclides Reference Ages 0, 1, 5, 10, 15 and adult Separate male, female and sex-averaged DCs for ages 15 year old and adult FGR 15 (external) = Sv/s per Bq/m3 in air and water and Sv/s per Bq/g in soil FGR 16 (internal) = Sv/Bq ingested or inhaled Radiation weighting factors based on ICRP 103 Tissue weighting factors based on ICRP 103 Dose coefficients reflect latest radionuclide decay data in ICRP Publication 107

FGR 16 Update to Risk Coefficients Update age-averaged excess cancer risk coefficients in FGR 13 to reflect: Current dosimetry and biokinetics for organ absorbed doses using a combination of ICRP voxel phantoms (where available) and ORNL stylized phantoms BEIR VII and new EPA Blue Book (EPA Radiogenic Cancer Risk Models and Projections for the U.S. Population, April 2011) for risk per unit organ absorbed dose

Science Behind the Federal Guidance Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR) Reports by US National Academies of Science Seven to date. Reports IV and VI describe risk from alpha-emitting radionuclides, including radon Reports III, V, and VII describe risk from low linear energy transfer (LET) radiation such as photons United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) Sources, Effects and Risks of Ionizing Radiation 22+ reports 1958 – 2016 (UNSCEAR.org) Ongoing work 16

EPA Blue Book – April 2011 version

Radiation Risk Assessment

DCAL Internal Emitters Calculations 19

Federal Guidance Reports in the Future Federal Guidance Technical Reports are tools for radiation dose and risk assessment, and are not policy documents. Future legislators, regulators and the public will decide how radiation protection policy will change in the face of new science (the -omics revolution, individualized medicine, better information on risks at low doses, etc.). Federal Guidance Reports can continue to support implementation and compliance needs in the future.

THANK YOU! Any questions?