Vocabulary 15. Universal law of gravitation 16. Electromagnetic spectrum 17. Terrestrial planet 18. Planetesimals 19. Wavelength 20. Frequency 21. Doppler effect 22. Visible Light 23. Hersprung Russel (HR) Diagram 24. Fusion 25.Universe 26. Spectroscopy 1. Solar system 2. Galaxy 3. Big bang theory 4. Sunspots 5. Nebular hypothesis 6. Protoplanet hypothesis 7. Rotation 8. Revolution 9. Geocentric 10. Heliocentric 11. Lunar eclipse 12. Solar eclipse 13. Ellipse 14. Newton

Basics of the Universe

Astronomy Cosmology the study of the universe the branch of astronomy that deals with the origin, large-scale properties, and the evolution of the observable universe

The Universe in simpler terms, all space, all the matter, all energy, and all time in it. Big Bang – rapid expansion of matter from a state of extremely high density and temperature that marks the origin of the universe. major components formed: galaxies solar systems Planets everything

“Big Bang” Theory expansion of space, time, matter and energy occurred about 13.7 billion years ago expanded within a second from something the size of a spec of dust to the size of our solar system Misconception Alert: Describing this theory as the “Big Bang” is a misnomer because there really was not an explosion, just a release of energy

Early History of the Universe Matter as we know it did not exist at the time of the Big Bang, only pure energy. Within the first second, the 4 fundamental forces were created gravity - the attraction of one body toward another First explained by Isaac Newton Universal law of Gravity electromagnetic force - binds atoms into molecules strong nuclear force - binds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus weak nuclear force - breaks down an atom’s nucleus, producing radioactive decay

Early History of the Universe After 3 minutes, protons and neutrons began to fuse to form the nuclei of hydrogen and helium atoms About 300,000 years later Photons begin escaping from matter and light existed for the first time

Changing Composition of the Universe 200 million years later, with expansion still occurring, stars and galaxies began forming from leftover matter - hydrogen and helium nuclear fusion in stars reduces Hydrogen to Helium when a dying star explodes, the heavier elements (less that iron) created by fusion are blown into space to be recycled by newly forming stars overall composition of the galaxies is gradually changing to the heavier elements

Why the Speed of Light is a Speed Limit Energy of a Moving Object in Relativity: E = mc2 One consequence: as v approaches c, Energy goes to infinity Also, as we approach c, Energy goes up very fast

Astronomical Unit (AU) unit of distance equal to the average spacing between the Earth and the Sun equal to about 150 million kilometers (93 million miles) light takes about eight minutes to cover this distance The Earth animation is not rotating in the correct direction; it should be rotating from west to east 150 million km (93 million mi.)

Light Year distance that light travels in one year in a vacuum, which is about 9.5 trillion kilometers (6 trillion miles) The Milky Way Galaxy is about 100,000 light years in diameter the speed at which light travels this distance is about 300,000 km/sec (186,000 mi/sec) The second closest star to the Earth is a little over four light years away. How far away (in miles) is the star?

If one parsec equals 206, 265 AU, how many miles is it equal to? unit of distance equal to about 3.26 light years (or 206,265 AU) If one parsec equals 206, 265 AU, how many miles is it equal to?

Constellation a group of stars that form a pattern in the sky stars of a constellation are often far apart from each other, but they appear grouped together when viewed from Earth

Why is it not possible to see all constellations at once? 88 constellations in the night sky patterns of constellations are dynamic; therefore, the constellations of 100,000 years ago are quite different from today’s a part of a constellation that forms its own pattern in the sky is known as an asterism (ex. – The Big Dipper) Why is it not possible to see all constellations at once?

Edwin Hubble at Mt. Wilson Hubble’s observations led him to the conclusion that the universe is expanding Object’s recession velocity is proportional to its distance from the observer. Objects farther away are moving away from us faster Hubble guiding the Hooker 100 inch telescope in 1923.

Edwin Hubble determined that other galaxies exist, besides the Milky Way observed that galaxies were moving away from each other based on Doppler Effect Light is shifted toward red end of spectrum meaning its moving away from us Hubble Law – the farther away a galaxy is, the faster it is moving away from us; supports the Big Bang Theory

Using the Doppler Effect to Measure Velocity Redshift Blueshift

Electromagnetic (EM) Radiation Majority of astronomy looks at EM Radiation EM Radiation – includes all radiation (light) from Radio to Gamma Rays Humans only see small region Visible light – 400 – 700nm (violet to red)

Hubble Space Telescope reflecting telescope that was placed into orbit in 1990 sends images and measurements back to Earth electronically Taken several long exposure images called “Deep field” Image taken from: http://hubblesite.org/gallery/ What is one of the main benefits of having the Hubble Space Telescope in orbit, as opposed to it being here on Earth?

Hubble Deep Field

Cosmic Background Radiation Arno Penzias & Robert Wilson accidentally detected faint radiation on a radio telescope in 1965 determined that the radiation was leftover thermal energy from the “big bang” about 300,000 years after it happened

Cosmic Background Radiation

Galaxy a large assemblage of stars (and often gas and dust), typically containing millions to hundreds of billions of member stars Star - a large hot ball of gas which generates energy in its core by nuclear reactions estimated 100 billion galaxies in the universe each with billions of stars held together by the gravitational attraction of all its member stars on one another formed around 200 million years after the “Big Bang” most large galaxies have super-massive black holes at their centers sometimes contain very bright centers called quasars 3 major types: Spiral Elliptical Irregular What is the name of the galaxy we reside in?

3 Types of Galaxies Elliptical shaped like spheres or eggs; have almost no dust or gas between stars; contain old stars Irregular faint galaxies without a definite shape; smaller than the other types of galaxies; contain fewer stars Spiral have arms of stars, gas , and dust that curve away from the center of the galaxy in a spiral pattern Ex. – Milky Way The process of galaxies colliding to create a larger galaxy is known as “galactic cannibalism.”

Our Solar System Sun and all things orbiting around it, including the eight major planets, their satellites, and all the smaller pieces such as asteroids and comets formed around 4.6 billion years ago Formation called Nebular Hypothesis Theory Solar system formed from massive rotating disk of gas (hydrogen and helium) and dusk What is incorrect or misleading about this visual?

Satellite an object that orbits a more massive object (i.e. – moons) probes we launch into orbit around the Earth are called “artificial satellites” The Earth animation is not rotating in the correct direction; it should be rotating from west to east

Universe Video (22 Minutes) Latest Hubble Deep Field