Eukaryotic Gene Regulation AP Biology Chapter 19

Prokaryotic Natural History Genetic Material DNA Chromosome: plasmid Order Unicellular Replication Binary Fission Regulation Expression Trp operon Lac operon

Eukaryotic Natural History Genetic Material DNA Chromosomes (linear/longer) Order Multicellular (220 different kinds of cells) Replication Mitosis (Ensures one set of DNA per cell) Regulation How does each cell “know” what to become

Eukaryotic Genome DNA (genotype)  RNA  protein (phenotype) 23 pairs of chromosomes/cell ~3,000,000,000 nitrogen bases/cell

Eukaryotic Gene Expression Our cells regulate every step of gene expression to ensure appropriate proteins are made in appropriate cells

Regulating Chromatin Histone Acetylation: 6

Regulating Chromatin Methylation: silences genes by adding methyl groups to Cytosine 7

Regulating Chromatin Epigenetic inheritance: A series of proteins and other markers that attach to DNA and regulate its transcription

Regulating Transcription Where RNA polymerase begins transcription 9

Regulating Transcription Transcription Factors Proteins that help RNA polymerase start transcribing DNA Activators Bending proteins General transcription factors Mediator proteins

Distal control element Activators Promoter Gene DNA Enhancer TATA box General transcription factors DNA-bending protein Group of mediator proteins RNA polymerase II RNA polymerase II Transcription Initiation complex RNA synthesis

Regulating After Transcription RNA processing A U G A U A G C G C A U Exon Intron 5’ 3’ Spliceosome

Regulating After RNA Processing 5’ GTP Cap and 3’ Poly A Tail Protect mRNA in cytoplasm Nuclease digests unprotected mRNA A U G G C G C A U GTP 5’ 3’ A A A A A A

Regulating After RNA Processing microRNA, dicers, and RNA interference

Regulating Translation/Proteins Regulating start codon Proteasomes break down protein

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