Association between brain and low back pain Shin-ichi Konno, Miho Sekiguchi  Journal of Orthopaedic Science  DOI: 10.1016/j.jos.2017.11.007 Copyright © 2017 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Evaluation for mechanism of chronic low back pain using fMRI. a) Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signals (orange area) due to pain stimulation are apparent. b, c) Time-course analyses of BOLD signals in the NAc compared with low back pain patients. BOLD amplitude showing NAc activation was significantly smaller in psychiatric problem patients (b) than in non-psychiatric problem patients (c). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) Journal of Orthopaedic Science DOI: (10.1016/j.jos.2017.11.007) Copyright © 2017 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Default mode network by resting-state fMRI. Analysis of BOLD signals in the resting state. In the default mode network, positive BOLD activation (orange area) is present in the resting state, while BOLD signal is deactivated (blue area) according to task. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) Journal of Orthopaedic Science DOI: (10.1016/j.jos.2017.11.007) Copyright © 2017 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Cerebral blood flow scintigraphy. a) Before treatment. Cerebral blood flow is reduced in each slice. b) Two months after treatment. Red color has spread in all slices of imaging, indicating that cerebral blood flow has increased. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) Journal of Orthopaedic Science DOI: (10.1016/j.jos.2017.11.007) Copyright © 2017 Terms and Conditions