CITATION AND PARAPHRASE Writing 5

In-text citation Short Quotations If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and the page number for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.

According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using correct grammar, especially when they write argumentative essays" (p. 199). Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using correct grammar" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers?

She stated, "Students often had difficulty using correct grammar," (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.

Long Quotations Place direct quotations longer than 40 words in a free-standing block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented five spaces from the left margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.

Jones's (1998) study found the following: Students often had difficulty using correct grammar, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help (p. 199).

Summary or Paraphrase If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference, but APA guidelines encourage you to also provide the page number (although it is not required)

According to Jones (1998), writing an argumentative essay is a difficult for beginning learners. Writing an argumentative essay is difficult for beginning learners (Jones, 1998, p.199)

A Work by Two Authors Name both authors in the signal phrase or in the parentheses each time you cite the work. Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) showed that writing an argumentative essay is difficult for beginning learners.

A Work by Three to Five Authors List all the authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses the first time you cite the source. (Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993) argued that an argumentative essay should not be taught to beginning learners. In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last name followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or in parentheses. (Kernis et al., 1993) mentioned that beginning learners are not ready with the linguistic knowledge necessary for writing an argumentative essay.

Organization as an Author If the author is an organization or a government agency, mention the organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source. According to the American Psychological Association (2000), students should mention the source of a citation.

Two or More Works in the Same Parentheses When your parenthetical citation includes two or more works, order them the same way they appear in the reference list, separated by a semi-colon. (Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983) said that students are beginning to use the internet sources for their academic work.

Citing Indirect Sources If you use a source that was cited in another source, name the original source in your signal phrase. List the secondary source in your reference list and include the secondary source in the parentheses. Johnson argued that students should be allowed to use the internet sources for their academic work. ...(as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102).

Paraphrase: Write it in Your Own Words A paraphrase is... your own version of essential information and ideas expressed by someone else, presented in a new form. one legitimate way (when accompanied by accurate documentation) to borrow from a source. a more detailed restatement which focuses concisely on a single main idea.

Paraphrasing is a valuable skill because... it is better than quoting information from an undistinguished passage. it helps you control the temptation to quote too much. the mental process required for successful paraphrasing helps you to grasp the full meaning of the original.

6 Steps to Effective Paraphrasing Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning. Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note card. Check your version with the original to make sure that it accurately expresses all the essential information in a new form. Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology you have borrowed exactly from the source. Record the source (including the page) on your note card so that you can credit it easily if you decide to incorporate the material into your paper.

Some examples to compare The original passage: Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47. A legitimate paraphrase: In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47).

Original passage Language is the main means of communication between peoples. But so many different languages have developed that language has often been a barrier rather than an aid to understanding among peoples. For many years, people have dreamed of setting up an international universal language which all people could speak and understand. The arguments in favor of a universal language are simple and obvious. If all peoples spoke the same tongue, cultural and economic ties might be much closer, and good will might increase between countries (Crookes, 1998). Paraphrase Humans communicate through language. Because there are so many different languages, however, people around the world have a difficult time understanding one another. Some people have wished for a universal international language that speakers all over the world could understand. Their reasons are straightforward and clear. A universal language would build cultural and economic bonds. It would also create better feeling among countries (Crookes, 1998).

Plagiarism When you use information from an outside sources without citing the source (telling where you got the information), you are guilty of plagiarism. If your paraphrase is too similar to the original, you guilty of plagiarism. Students who plagiarize may fail a class.

Use this plagiarism checker

The final paper Cover page with title, name, and NIM Outline of the paper with the thesis statement Body of paper Introduction Paragraph headings, following the outline Conclusion References, following APA style guide. Length: 6 pages excluding the reference page Longer paper will be marked down

Paragraphing The paragraphs in the paper should have: Topic sentence Supports for topic sentence: Paraphrases with citations Summaries with citations Short quotations Long quotations