Pathogenesis of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Mediated Development of Lymphoma Is Associated with Increased Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression Christoph F.A. Vogel,

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Pathogenesis of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Mediated Development of Lymphoma Is Associated with Increased Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression Christoph F.A. Vogel, Wen Li, Eric Sciullo, John Newman, Bruce Hammock, J. Rachel Reader, Joseph Tuscano, Fumio Matsumura The American Journal of Pathology Volume 171, Issue 5, Pages 1538-1548 (November 2007) DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.070406 Copyright © 2007 American Society for Investigative Pathology Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Effect of TCDD on UV-induced apoptosis in lymphoma cell lines. U937, Namalwa, and DOHH-2 cells were treated with 10 nmol/L TCDD for 48 hours. Then, apoptosis was induced by UV light, and the number of apoptotic cells was determined after 4 hours. Data are shown as percent inhibition versus control. In parallel experiments, cells were co-cultured with the COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 or the AhR antagonist 3′-methoxy-4′-nitroflavone. Data are means ± SD of results from three independent experiments performed. *Significantly different from control P ≤ 0.01, and **significantly different from cells treated with TCDD alone P ≤ 0.01. The American Journal of Pathology 2007 171, 1538-1548DOI: (10.2353/ajpath.2007.070406) Copyright © 2007 American Society for Investigative Pathology Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Effect of AhR, C/EBPβ, and COX-2 gene silencing on TCDD-mediated apoptotic resistance in U937 cells. Cells were pretreated with TCDD or dimethyl sulfoxide (control) before apoptosis was induced by UV light. To block the TCDD- and AhR-mediated effect on apoptosis U937 cells were transfected with siRNA specific for AhR, C/EBPβ, or COX-2 for 24 hours before cells were treated with TCDD for 48 hours. Then, apoptosis was induced by UV light, and the number of apoptotic cells was determined after 4 hours. Values are averages of duplicates from two different experiments. *Significantly different from control P ≤ 0.01. The American Journal of Pathology 2007 171, 1538-1548DOI: (10.2353/ajpath.2007.070406) Copyright © 2007 American Society for Investigative Pathology Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Treatment of the U937 lymphoma cell line with TCDD results in increased levels of Bcl-xl and Mcl-1 mRNA levels. Cells were treated with 10 nmol/L TCDD for 48 hours, and mRNA expression of Bax, Bcl-2, Bcl-w, Bcl-xl, and Mcl-1 was analyzed by real-time PCR. These data are shown as fold induction relative to control cells. Data are means ± SD of results from three independent experiments performed in duplicates. *Significantly different from control P ≤ 0.01. The American Journal of Pathology 2007 171, 1538-1548DOI: (10.2353/ajpath.2007.070406) Copyright © 2007 American Society for Investigative Pathology Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Induction of C/EBPβ and COX-2 by TCDD is AhR-dependent. To block the TCDD-induced expression of COX-2, C/EBPβ, and Bcl-xl, U937 cells were transfected with siRNA specific for AhR, C/EBPβ, or COX-2 for 24 hours before cells were treated with TCDD for 48 hours. Data are means ± SD of results from three independent experiments. *Significantly increased compared with control P ≤ 0.01, and **significantly decreased compared with control P ≤ 0.01. The American Journal of Pathology 2007 171, 1538-1548DOI: (10.2353/ajpath.2007.070406) Copyright © 2007 American Society for Investigative Pathology Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Time-dependent increased level of COX-2 protein in U937 cells treated with TCDD. Whole cell lysates from the U937 lymphoma cell line were prepared after treatment with 10 nmol/L TCDD for 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours and analyzed by immunoblotting using a polyclonal human COX-2-specific antibody. A representative result of three independent experiments is shown. The American Journal of Pathology 2007 171, 1538-1548DOI: (10.2353/ajpath.2007.070406) Copyright © 2007 American Society for Investigative Pathology Terms and Conditions

Figure 6 Development of lymphomas in axillary and inguinal lymph nodes of TCDD-treated C57BL/10J mice is associated with overexpression of COX-2. A and B: MicroPET imaging of control (A) and TCDD-treated (B) C57BL/10J mice using [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). Mice received an initial dose of 20 μg of TCDD/kg b.wt. and a biweekly maintenance dose as described in Materials and Methods. Control mice received the corresponding amount of corn oil. MicroPET imaging was taken 140 days after initial treatment. C: Increased expression level of COX-2, C/EBPβ, and Bcl-xl mRNA in lymphoma tissue of TCDD-treated C57BL/10J mice. RNA was isolated from fresh lymph nodes and spleen 140 days after initial treatment and analyzed by real-time PCR. The induced mRNA expression is given relative to the values of control animals. Data are means ± SD of results from three animals of each group. *Significantly different from control P ≤ 0.05. The American Journal of Pathology 2007 171, 1538-1548DOI: (10.2353/ajpath.2007.070406) Copyright © 2007 American Society for Investigative Pathology Terms and Conditions

Figure 7 H&E staining and expression of the B-cell marker Pax5 in lymph node biopsies. Biopsies from lymph nodes of C57BL/10J mice were analyzed using H&E staining and by immunohistochemistry. A: H&E-stained lymph node from control mouse. B: H&E-stained lymph node from TCDD-treated mouse. C: Pax5 expression in lymph node from control mouse. D: Pax5 expression in lymph node from TCDD-treated mice. Inset depicts strong positive staining for Pax5. A representative sample is shown. Scale bar = 300 μm. Original magnifications: ×25 (A–D); ×500 (D, inset). The American Journal of Pathology 2007 171, 1538-1548DOI: (10.2353/ajpath.2007.070406) Copyright © 2007 American Society for Investigative Pathology Terms and Conditions