Urogenital System Urinary System (Excretory System) Descending aorta Inferior vena cava Urinary System (Excretory System) Reproductive System Renal vein Renal artery Right kidney Left kidney Ureter Ureter Bladder Urethra

Urinary System Organs Functions Kidneys (______________ excretory organ) Ureters Bladder Urethra Functions Remove __________________ waste product of protein metabolism and other harmful substances Eliminates them in the form of ammonia, uric acid or urea Eliminates controlled amounts of _______ and salts to maintain the internal environment Function is ________ to make urine Function is to maintain _________________ of blood (excrete wastes, absorb nutrients, maintain electrolytes, pH balance)

Rugae

Sends blood to ___________ Receives _______% of systemic blood at rest

Nephron Functional Unit of Kidney Glomerulus Afferent arteriole Efferent arteriole Renal Corpuscle

Nephron Up to ____ million in kidney Functions Filtration Reabsorption removes dissolved substances from ___________ (blood supply) what remains is called the filtrate Reabsorption Substances from filtrate leave nephron Reabsorb ________ tubule into blood or interstitial fluid Secretion Releases substances from blood supply or interstitial fluid _________tubule (opposite direction from reabsorption)

a.a., glucose, H2O, Na+ H2O, K+ a.a., glucose, H2O H2O H2O NaCl H2O, urea Filtration Reabsorption Secretion NH3 ADH

Filtration Blood pressure forces water and dissolved substances out of the glomerulus blood into _____________ capsule Dissolved substances (__________): H2O, glucose, amino acids, electrolytes, and wastes (no proteins or cells) Averages 125 ml/min for both kidneys (180 liters/day) The vast majority of the filtrate (99%) must be taken back to body’s __________ ___________. Urinate (wastes) on avg. 1500 ml/day (______ gallons)

Reabsorption The return of substances from filtrate in the nephron tubule to the blood or interstitial fluid Major Substances: H2O - osmosis NaCl - active transport Glucose, amino acids - active co-transport Some urea and other salts _________ – most reabsorption Descending loop – reabsorb ________ Ascending loop & DCT – reabsorbs _______ Collecting duct – reabsorbs ______

Secretion The active release of substances INTO the nephron tubule. Purposes: Secreted Substances: toxins and drug residues Electrolyte balance: K+ exchanged for Na+ Acid-base balance: H+ , NH3 Antidiuretic hormone (______): produced by posterior pituitary, increases water permeability of the DCT and collecting duct Cranberry juice – acidifies urine to help discourage bacteria and some types of kidney stones; decrease UTI by inhibiting bacteria from adhering to urinary tract walls

Osmotic Pressure (________________)

Urine _________________ – process of urination Normal Urine Abnormal Urine H2O 95% Glucose Recent intake of sugary foods, Nitrogeneous wastes urea, uric acid,   diabetes melitis (Glycosuria) ammonia, creatine Protein Physical exertion, high protein; Electrolytes Na+, NH4+, K+, hypertension, glomerulonephritis (Proteinuria) Cl-, PO4-3, SO4-2 Ketone bodies Starvation, untreated diabetes mellitus Toxins bacterial poisons Hemoglobin Hemolytic anemia, severe burns Pigments products of breaking down RBC, Bile pigments Hepatitis, cirrhosis, bile obstruction filtered from food and drugs Erythrocytes Bleeding due to trauma, kidney stones, Hormones infection, cancer (Hematuria) Leukocytes Urinary tract infection

Internal sphincter – involuntary External sphincter - voluntary

Disorders and Diseases Pyuria – _____ in urine Dysuria – _________urination Polyuria – large amounts of urine Oliguria – very little urine Anuria – ________ of urine Renal Calculi – crystallized _________ in renal pelvis or calyx (kidney stones) Neurogenic bladder – _______________ urine retention, bulging bladder, burning sensation Overactive bladder – frequent urination, pain, oliguria UTI: ______________ infection Urethritis: inflammation of urethra; result of gonorrhea and Chlamydia; most common in males Cystitis: inflammation of bladder; more common in females due to shorter urethra Nephritis: inflammation of ___________ Pyelonephritis – inflammation of renal pelvis Renal Failure – kidney failure